Extravasation of Urine

Developmental Pharmacology: A Review of its Application to Clinical and Basic Science

“…Another interesting aspect of their study is that an effect of phenobarbital was noted in icteric infants. This does not agree with the results of McMullin (28) or Cunningham et al (29), but does support the findings by Stern et al (32) with regard to an effect of phenobarbital after appearance of jaundice. A difference in phenobarbital effects in icteric in fants may be partly explained by race, since Chinese infants do not usually show clinical icterus until the third day of life.…”

“…In additional studies, Grecian premature infants were given pheno barbital from the day of birth and showed a lower peak level of blood bili rubin. Not unlike the study by Stern et al (32), an earlier peak level of serum bilirubin was found in these infants treated with phenobarbital after birth. Based on his experience with a high-risk population, Doxiadis sug gests that phenobarbital should be used prophylactically for pregnant women on the island of Lesbos and that it may be considered for women suspected of bearing children of low birth weight or with excessive hemoly sis.…”

“…A similar finding was noted' with Caucasian females versus Negro females. In general, females showed a lower mean difference than did males of both races, a finding not confirmed by Stern et al (32). Phenobarbital-treated Negro females failed to show a statistically significant decrease in the level of serum bilirubin on either the third or fifth day of life.…”

“…These questions were considered by Stern et al (32). Infants received phenobarbital within the first 24 hours of life in one part of the study or, in another part, infants received the barbiturate on the fourth day of life if they had a minimum serum bilirubin level of 8 mg%.…”

Growth, Gestational Age, and Maturational Development

“…Thus, there is generally only a one-day difference between the full-term infant who reaches peak levels of serum bilirubin on about the fourth day of life and an infant at 32 weeks gestation whose peak will usually occur on the 5th day. The entire sequence can be advanced in time by the administration of phenobarbitcl which induces glucuronyl transferase in the liver and will move the peak level of bilirubin back to the first 24-48 hours of life (8). It is clear, however, that the exogenous administration of enzyme inducing agents does not reflect the normal mechanism of in vivo maturation of this system whi ch effectively controls "neonatal jaundi ce".…”