Extraction and quantification of gymnemic acids through gymnemagenin from callus cultures ofGymnema sylvestre

Kanetkar, P .V.; Singhal, Rekha S.; Laddha, K. S.; Kamat, M. Y.

doi:10.1002/pca.939

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…UV spectrophotometer peak area data were compared with standard gymnemic acid (Table III). Gymnemagenin and GA were significantly increased in callus culture through leaf explants of G. sylvestre [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. In the present study, maximum GA production was observed in MS medium supplemented with OPGRs under blue light induced 4.4 fold as compared with white fluorescent light and out of which 2.8 fold was found in intact leaves determined by HPLC analysis.…”

Section: Hplc Studies In Leaf and Callus Extractsmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…Gymnemic acid (GA), mixture triterpene saponins, was discovered in 1847 to temporarily reduce the sweet taste of sugar in humans [9]. In vitro developed callus trends to produce various bioactive compounds, including GA and gymnemagenin [10]. However, external factors like phytohormone, shaking speeds, pH and medium play important roles in GA production in suspension cultures [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HPTLC/HPLC and gravimetric methodology for the identification and quantification of gymnemic acid fromGymnema sylvestremethanolic extracts

Ahmed¹,

Rao²,

Rao³

et al. 2013

Acta Chromatographica

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Summary. Gymnemic acid (GA), a well known anti-diabetic compound has been detected in methanol extracts of intact leaves and in vitro callus cultures derived from leaf explants of Gymnema sylvestre. Callus biomass was developed in MS medium with optimum plant growth regulators (OPGRs) of 2,4-D (1.5 mg L −1 ) + KN (0.5 mg L −1 ) under abiotic stress conditions at 45 days determined by growth curve analysis. GA detection and quantification were carried out using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), highperformance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gravimetric techniques. GA detection peak area and their absorption spectra were evaluated through HPTLC and HPLC with the standard GA. Quantification of GA had showed the linearity, accuracy, robustness and precision by HPLC. GA content was significantly higher in gravimetric method than HPLC. All these methods were found to be simple, accurate, selective and rapid and could be successfully applied for the determination of GA. It could have potential as a pharmaceutical drug for Type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and obesity.

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Section: Hplc Studies In Leaf and Callus Extractsmentioning

confidence: 49%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HPTLC/HPLC and gravimetric methodology for the identification and quantification of gymnemic acid fromGymnema sylvestremethanolic extracts

Ahmed¹,

Rao²,

Rao³

et al. 2013

Acta Chromatographica

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“…Gymnemic acid and GG are believed to be the major active compounds of G. sylvestre, and GG, which enters the circulation after hydrolysis of gymnemic acids, is a common genin for most of the gymnemic acids [4][5][6]. It has been a clinical concern that herbal products containing a number of natural compounds can cause pharmacokinetic interactions with modern medicines, particularly in combination.…”

Section: Abbreviationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Metabolic Stability and Permeability of Gymnemagenin and Its In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Correlation in Rats – A Pilot Study

et al. 2016

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Gymnema sylvestre is traditionally used for diabetes mellitus. A literature survey revealed very few reports, particularly on rat liver microsomal stability, caco-2 permeability and efflux concerns and its correlation with the bioavailability of gymnemagenin, an important component of G. sylvestre. Therefore, the objective of our study was to investigate the in vitro rat liver microsomal stability and caco-2 permeability along with the efflux of gymnemagenin and establish a probable correlation of these in vitro findings with pharmacokinetic parameters after oral and intravenous administration in rats. Rat liver microsomal stability studies to estimate the in vitro intrinsic half-life, clearance, and Caco-2 permeability after 21 days of culture to determine the apparent permeability from apical to basal and from basal to apical, and efflux ratio of gymnemagenin were performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A sensitive, robust bioanalytical method was validated and successfully applied to determine the plasma exposure of gymnemagenin. In vitro rat liver microsomal stability demonstrated that gymnemagenin metabolizes rapidly with a short apparent and intrinsic half-life (~?7?min) and high intrinsic clearance, i.e., 190.08??L/min/mg of microsomes. The results of the Caco-2 study indicated a poor permeability (1.31???10??6?cm/sec) with a very high efflux ratio. The pharmacokinetic study revealed poor oral bioavailability (~?14?%) of gymnemagenin and it was found to have a short half-life and a high clearance in rats. Our in vitro findings indicated low metabolic stability and poor Caco-2 permeability with high efflux, which might have a role in the observed poor oral bioavailability in rats.

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“…Gymnema's antidiabetic activity appears to be due to a combination of mechanisms. It increases the activity of enzymes responsible for glucose uptake and utilization, and inhibits peripheral utilization of glucose by somatotrophin and corticotrophin [180]. Plant extracts have also been found to inhibit epinephrine-induced and corticosteroid-induced hyperglycemia [102].…”

Section: Plants Possessing Hypoglycemic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Recent Investigations on Medicinal Herbs Possessing Anti-Diabetic Properties

Aggarwal¹,

Shishu²

2011

J Nutrition Disorder Ther

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Globally, the pervasiveness of chronic, non-communicable disease diabetes mellitus is growing by leaps and bounds. It is one of the major causes of premature morbidity and mortality worldwide. Almost 3.2 million people die of diabetes across the world every year. The worldwide prevalence of diabetes is 6.4% (corresponding to 285 million people); this varies from 10.2% in the Western Pacific to 3.8% in the African region and expected to grow up to 7.4% (439 million) of the adult population by 2030. In the last 20 years there has been a threefold increase in the prevalence of diabetes. It is estimated that there are 30 to 33 million diabetics in India now, and every fourth diabetic in the world today is an Indian. Indians are genetically more susceptible to diabetes and the WHO predicts the number of diabetics in India would go up to 80 million by 2030. WHO has also issued a warning that India is going to be the diabetes capital of the world with Chennai emerging as the diabetic capital of India. Many plants possessing hypoglycemic principles/ properties are known to exist in nature. Also a large number of polyherbal formulations (PHF's) derived from these plants are presently being prescribed as medicinal/dietary supplements for diabetes mellitus. Even the WHO (World Health Organization) approves the use of plant drugs for different diseases, including diabetes mellitus. However, these formulations lack proper standardization of the active constituents. There is an urgent need to address to the issues of scientific authenticity about their efficacy, safety and their interaction with modern allopathic drugs. The paper reviews composition, active principles and pharmacological effects of some important plants which are widely used in commercially available herbal and polyherbal formulations and provides a detailed list of plants reported to possess potential anti-diabetic activity.

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Extraction and quantification of gymnemic acids through gymnemagenin from callus cultures ofGymnema sylvestre

Cited by 31 publications

References 9 publications

HPTLC/HPLC and gravimetric methodology for the identification and quantification of gymnemic acid fromGymnema sylvestremethanolic extracts

HPTLC/HPLC and gravimetric methodology for the identification and quantification of gymnemic acid fromGymnema sylvestremethanolic extracts

In Vitro Metabolic Stability and Permeability of Gymnemagenin and Its In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Correlation in Rats – A Pilot Study

A Review of Recent Investigations on Medicinal Herbs Possessing Anti-Diabetic Properties

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