Extracellular Vesicles in Angiogenesis

Abstract

During the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes, have emerged as important players in cell-to-cell communication in normal physiology and pathological conditions. EVs encapsulate and convey various bioactive molecules that are further transmitted to neighboring or more distant cells, where they induce various signaling cascades. The message delivered to the target cells is dependent on EV composition, which, in turn, is determined by the cell of origin and the surrounding microenvironment during EV biogenesis. Among their multifaceted role in the modulation of biological responses, the involvement of EVs in vascular development, growth, and maturation has been widely documented and their potential therapeutic application in regenerative medicine or angiogenesis-related diseases is drawing increasing interest. EVs derived from various cell types have the potential to deliver complex information to endothelial cells and to induce either pro- or antiangiogenic signaling. As dynamic systems, in response to changes in the microenvironment, EVs adapt their cargo composition to fine-tune the process of blood vessel formation. This article reviews the current knowledge on the role of microvesicles and exosomes from various cellular origins in angiogenesis, with a particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms, and discusses the main challenges and prerequisites for their therapeutic applications.

The role of microvesicles and its active molecules in regulating cellular biology

“…Microvesicles are spherical membranous vesicles encapsulated by a lipid molecular layer, and the cell spontaneously or, under certain conditions, the cell membrane phosphate ester serine valgus, which is redistributed to the outer side of the membrane in the bud and is released to the cell outside the subcellular component . MVs have a diameter of approximately 0.1‐1.0 μm and contain large number of bioactive carriers (protein, lipids, nucleic acids, etc).…”

Extracellular vesicles transmitted miR‐31‐5p promotes sorafenib resistance by targeting MLH1 in renal cell carcinoma

“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membrane vesicles released from various types of cells into biological fluids, which contain cytosol from the secreting cells enclosed in a lipid bilayer . EVs can be divided into three main types based on their sizes and biogenesis pathways: exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies . EVs carry a multitude of small bioactive molecules, including peptides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids .…”

“…EVs can be divided into three main types based on their sizes and biogenesis pathways: exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies . EVs carry a multitude of small bioactive molecules, including peptides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids . Tumor‐derived EVs participate in tumor invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, evasion of immune surveillance, acquisition of aggressive phenotype and modulation of tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth .…”

Extracellular vesicles with ubiquitinated adenosine A2A receptor in plasma of patients with coronary artery disease

“…Extracellular vesicles (EV) such as exosomes and microvesicles are bi‐lipid membranous vesicles with endocytic origin that are released by many cell types including immune, endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells, erythrocytes and platelets . EV participate in intercellular communication by carrying and delivering cargo including proteins, lipids, miRNA and mRNA specific to the type of cell from which they originate .…”