Extracellular vesicles as emerging targets in cancer: Recent development from bench to bedside

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as important players of cancer initiation and progression through cell-cell communication. They have been recognized as critical mediators of extracellular communications, which promote transformation, growth invasion, and drug-resistance of cancer cells. Interestingly, the secretion and uptake of EVs are regulated in a more controlled manner than previously anticipated. EVs are classified into three groups, (i) exosomes, (ii) microvesicles (MVs), and (iii) apoptotic bodies (ABs), based on their sizes and origins, and novel technologies to isolate and distinguish these EVs are evolving. The biologically functional molecules harbored in these EVs, including nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, have been shown to induce key signaling pathways in both tumor and tumor microenvironment (TME) cells for exacerbating tumor development. While tumor cell-derived EVs are capable of reprogramming stromal cells to generate a proper tumor cell niche, stromal-derived EVs profoundly affect the growth, resistance, and stem cell properties of tumor cells. This review summarizes and discusses these reciprocal communications through EVs in different types of cancers. Further understanding of the patcment of tumor specific therapeutics. This review will also discuss the translational aspects of EVs and therapeutic opportunities of utilizing EVs in different cancer types.

RAB27A promotes melanoma cell invasion and metastasis via regulation of pro‐invasive exosomes

“…Exosomes have been linked previously to invasion and progression of various cancers (reviewed in Ref. ). Our data indicate that the cause of the pro‐invasive effects of RAB27A‐replete exosomes vs .…”

Tumor‐derived exosomes (TDEs): How to avoid the sting in the tail

“…Exosomes are the only EVs that are formed by the endocytic pathway and contain factors derived from the cytosol as well as both plasma and endosomal membranes, although this there is a substantial degree of overlap between factors present in exosomes and other EVs . Exosome carry an array of lipids, proteins, DNA, and RNA (messenger RNAs [mRNAs], microRNAs (miRNAs), and long noncoding RNA [lncRNAs]) that can reflect the phenotype of their cell of origin or altered sorting processes specific to these cells . Exosomes thus contain a broad array of potential biomarkers that may be useful for early disease diagnosis, the evaluation of pathogen load or disease stage, and monitoring the response of these diseases to treatment.…”

“…4 Exosome carry an array of lipids, proteins, DNA, and RNA (messenger RNAs [mRNAs], microRNAs (miRNAs), and long noncoding RNA [lncRNAs]) that can reflect the phenotype of their cell of origin or altered sorting processes specific to these cells. 5 Exosomes thus contain a broad array of potential biomarkers that may be useful for early disease diagnosis, the evaluation of pathogen load or disease stage, and monitoring the response of these diseases to treatment. Further, due to their restricted size range, exosomes may be less sensitive to shear forces and more easily transit interstitial space than larger EVs, enhancing their entry into the circulation.…”

Cancer-Devoted Liquid Biopsies and Applications to Prostate Cancer

“…Then, they propose a diversion method, based on new biomarkers called TEPs, originating from a highly intriguing Wu et al [3] are concerned with the three main EV classes (exosomes, MVs and apoptotic bodies) as critical mediators of extracellular communication. While tumor cell-derived EVs are capable of reprogramming stromal cells to generate a proper tumor cell niche, stromal-derived EVs profoundly affect the growth, resistance, and stem cell properties of tumor cells.…”

“…Three main kinds of such complex biomarkers, shed from the tumor mostly into complete blood (or serum /plasma), were either viable circulating tumor cells (CTCs) [1], or circulating cell-free tumor DNAs (ctDNA) [2]. More recently, tumor cellderived extracellular vesicles (tEVs) [3] brought a new interesting perspective for cancer liquid biopsy. Using recent literature, a short review will first be given of the previous main approaches for elaborating reliable human cancer liquid biopsies.…”