This document is concerned with the modeling of particle systems via kinetic equations . First , the hierarchy of available models for particle systems is reviewed, from particle dynamics to fluid models through kinetic equations. In particular the derivation of the gas dynamics Boltzmann equation is recalled and a few companion models are discussed. Then, the basic propert ies of kinetic models and particularly of the Boltzmann colli sion operator are reviewed. The core of this work is the derivation of macroscopic models (as e.g. , the Euler or Navier-Stokes equations) from the Boltzmann equation by means of the Hilbert and Chapman-Enskog methods . This matter is first discussed in the context of the BGK equation, which is a simpler model than the full Boltzmann equat ion. The extens ion to the Boltzmann equation is summarized at the end of this discussion . Finally, a certain number of current research directions are reviewed. Our goal is to give a synthetic descript ion of this subject , so as to allow the reader to acquire a rapid knowledge of the basic aspects of kinetic theory. The reader is referred to the bibliography for more details on the various items which are reviewed here . P. Degond et al. (eds.), Modeling and Computational Methods for Kinetic Equations © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2004
r S r 'This is a model for the interaction force between molecules in a usual gas. Sometimes, one considers a more realistic interaction force in the form of a combination of power laws (e.g., a Lennard-Jones potential, [80], Appendix IV).One important feature of Newton's equations of motion for N-particle dynamics is their time reversibility : Consider the evolution of the system from t = 0 to t = T.This takes the initial datum (Xi(O), Vi(0» to (xi(T) , vi(T». Suppose that at time T, one reverses the velocities: Vi(T) -7 -Vi (T). Then one evolves the system again according to Newton's equations of motion up to t = 2T. The state of the system at time t = 2T is given by (Xi(O), -Vi(O», i.e., the system is back to its original state, but for a reversal of the velocities .