Extended Inter-Meal Interval Negatively Impacted the Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses after Both Lunch and Dinner in Healthy Subjects

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic effects of lunch timing based on a fixed feeding window, and the effects of apple preload on postprandial glucose and insulin responses after nutrient-balanced lunch and the subsequent high-fat dinner in healthy participants. Twenty-six participants completed four randomized, crossover experimental trials: (1) early standardized lunch at 12:00 (12S); (2) apple preload to 12S (12A+S); (3) late standardized lunch at 14:00 (14S); and (4) apple preload to 14S (14A+S); wherein twenty participants’ blood samples were collected for insulin analysis following the lunch trails. In each experimental trial, each participant equipped with a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) was provided with a standardized breakfast and a high-fat dinner to be consumed at 8:00 and 18:00, respectively. The late lunch (14S) resulted in significantly elevated glucose peak, delayed insulin peak time, decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased insulin resistance following the lunch; also decreased glycemic response following the subsequent dinner and larger blood glucose fluctuation over the 24-h period compared with the 12S. The 14A+S significantly reduced the glucose peak, the insulin peak time and the glycemic variability following the lunch, also the 24-h glycemic variability compared with the 14S. The insulin sensitivity was significantly improved in the 12A+S, compared with that of the 12S. In conclusion, the present study found that an extra 2-h inter-meal fasting before and after lunch resulted in elevated glycemic response in both macronutrient-balanced meal and high-fat meal in healthy subjects. The negative impact of a late lunch could be partly reversed by the apple preload, without a trade-off of insulin secretion.

Delayed dinnertime impairs glucose tolerance in healthy young adults

“…Prolonged fasting time between lunch and dinner may also have influenced our results, because a delay of approximately 2 h at lunchtime reportedly raised postprandial glucose after lunch with longer fasting since breakfast while reducing that after dinner with a short fast after lunch 19 . Free fatty acid (FFA) levels were significantly increased by a 3 h delay between lunch and dinner in diabetics, while high FFA levels reduced insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake 10 , 20 , 21 .…”

Association between admission-blood-glucose-to-albumin ratio and clinical outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

“…In addition, time heterogeneity should be considered. Specifically, given the fluctuations in glucose level that occur over the 24 h of each day ( 20 , 21 ), we wondered whether the effect of postprandial blood glucose had an impact on the prognostic value of AAR. To test this, we divided patients into three groups according to the time period in which the admission measurements were taken: 06:00–12:00 (morning), 12:00–18:00 (afternoon), and 18:00–06:00 (nighttime); these groups consisted of 380 (11.8%), 1,358 (42.1%), and 1,486 (46.1%) STEMI patients who underwent PCI, respectively.…”

“…In addition, time heterogeneity should be considered. Specifically, given the fluctuations in glucose level that occur over the 24 h of each day (20,21), we wondered whether the Flow chart of the study participants. effect of postprandial blood glucose had an impact on the prognostic value of AAR.…”

Timing and Nutrient Type of Isocaloric Snacks Impacted Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses of the Subsequent Meal in Healthy Subjects

“…Glycemic variability parameters included: mean (Mean), maximum (Max), and minimum (Min) glucose levels; large amplitude of glycemic excursions (LAGE); glucose standard deviation (SD); glucose coefficient of variation (CV); and J-index, calculated as 0.324 × (mean glucose + SD glucose) 2 [ 20 ]. Moreover, the time above range (TAR), time in range (TIR), time below range (TBR), and ΔM L-D as the differences between the postprandial glucose max values after lunch and dinner were also calculated to represent the glucose excursion over a day [ 21 ]. In order to improve the detection ability in healthy people, the glucose range was adjusted to the fasting glucose to 2.5 higher than the fasting glucose value.…”