Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)1 -1 is a dual specificity phosphatase that is overexpressed in many human tumors and protects cells from apoptosis by the anticancer agent cisplatin (1), UV irradiation (2), and proteasome inhibitors (3). Over the past five years, reports have become more numerous describing high levels of MKP-1 in human tumors. For example, high levels of MKP-1 have been found in prostate (4), gastric (5), breast (6), and pancreatic cancer (7). In ovarian cancer samples, MKP-1 expression was correlated with decreased progression-free survival (8). High levels of MKP-1 expression were also found in the early phases of prostate, colon, and bladder carcinogenesis (9). Evidence that MKP-1 may actually support the transformed phenotype comes from a recent study by Liao et al. (7) who showed that PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells stably transfected with a full-length MKP-1 antisense construct had longer doubling times, decreased ability to form colonies in soft agar, and were unable to form tumors in nude mice. The precise mechanism by which loss of MKP-1 expression affects tumorigenicity, however, remains elusive. Several reports have implicated JNK/SAPK and p38 as the primary mediators of MKP-1 mediated cytoprotection (1-2). On the other hand, the data presented by Liao et al. (7) argue that the primary mechanism by which MKP-1 supports the transformed phenotype is mediated by ERK, but not JNK, as suppression of MKP-1 expression by antisense did not affect basal levels of phospho-JNK or phospho-p38, but instead increased basal ERK phosphorylation and prolonged ERK phosphorylation after epidermal growth factor stimulation in PANC-1 cells.The availability of a cell-active selective MKP-1 inhibitor would be a valuable tool for dissecting the complex regulatory processes involved in the attenuation of ERK, JNK, and p38 activation and for defining the contributions of MKP-1 and its cellular targets to the maintenance of the transformed phenotype. In light of recent findings, inhibitors of MKP-1 might also find applications as novel target-based antineoplastic therapies, either alone or in combination with clinically used antineoplastic agents (1-3).The search for MKP-1 inhibitors has been challenging for several reasons. In contrast to MKP-3, whose crystal structure has been reported and found to possess high structural similarity to the related VHR in its catalytic domain (10), no structural information is available for MKP-1. This may in part be due to difficulties in producing large amounts of recombinant enzyme and the need of MKPs to interact with their physiolog-