Expression and significance of three types of Fos-immunoreactive cells after gamma knife irradiation of the forebrain in the rat

c-Fos expression in the deep cerebellar nuclei in a rat model of conditioned fear

“…Some of these cells showed almost isointensity with adjacent c-Fos stained nuclei. This could be due to Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) as has previously been described (Duan et al, 1999). Possibly there is an influence of deep brain stimulation induced electrochemical changes, altering electrical charges or even inducing cellular alterations considering the trafficking of proteins from diverse intracellular departments.…”

Sustained Reduction of Cerebellar Activity in Experimental Epilepsy

“…Furthermore, Fos immunoreactivity has been described to occur in three subcellular expression patterns, that is, solely nuclear, solely cytoplasmic, and both [ 27 ]. We found cells with nuclear ΔFosB immunoreactivity as well as cells with cytoplasmic staining.…”

“…This phenomenon has been described for the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and amygdala by others [ 28 ] and appears to be present in the deep cerebellar nuclei as well. The implication of this finding is unclear as cytoplasmic Fos staining has been described weeks to months after a stimulus and has been related to damaged or dying cells [ 29 ], while others suggest that this type of expression is related to a mechanism counteracting excitotoxicity [ 27 , 30 ].…”

Applications of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Experimental Investigations in Small Animal Models

“…The same group found that there are three types of Fos-immunoreactive cells induced after GKRS (Duan et al, 1999b). GKRS also upregulates the N-methyl-D-aspatate receptor (NMDARs) subunits NR1 and NR2A, which might represent a possible explanation for the therapeutic effect of GKRS on many neurological diseases because of the crucial roles of NMDARs in synaptic transmission, plasticity and neurodegeneration (Liang et al, 2008).…”