The E2 glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) mediates viral attachment and entry into target hepatocytes and elicits neutralizing antibodies in infected patients. To characterize the structural and functional basis of HCV neutralization, we generated a novel panel of 78 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against E2 proteins from genotype 1a and 2a HCV strains. Using high-throughput focus-forming reduction or luciferase-based neutralization assays with chimeric infectious HCV containing structural proteins from both genotypes, we defined eight MAbs that significantly inhibited infection of the homologous HCV strain in cell culture. Two of these bound E2 proteins from strains representative of HCV genotypes 1 to 6, and one of these MAbs, H77. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne hepatotropic virus that infects ϳ170 million people worldwide. Approximately 70% of infected individuals progress to chronic liver disease, which carries an increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (7). In general, treatment of chronic HCV infection is complicated by resistance due to extensive genetic diversity. HCV has been classified into seven major genotypes, which differ by ϳ30% at the nucleotide level (4), and this positivesense, single-stranded RNA virus has a capacity for rapid evolution of variant viruses during persistent infection. The current treatment, pegylated ␣ 2a interferon (IFN-␣ 2a ) and ribavirin, has variable side effects and response rates depending on the virus and host genotype (16). No vaccine is currently available, and preclinical development has been hampered by a lack of understanding of which conserved epitopes on the HCV structural proteins should be targeted.HCV contains an ϳ9.6-kb RNA genome that is translated as a single polyprotein and then cleaved by viral and host proteases into structural proteins (core, E1, and E2), p7, and nonstructural proteins (NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B) (39). Viral attachment and entry are mediated by the envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2. Four attachment or entry receptors that are required for infection of hepatocytes have been identified, including CD81 (53), scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) (56), and the tight-junction proteins claudin 1 (CLDN1) (14) and occludin (OCLN) (54). The importance of E2 binding to the large extracellular loop of CD81 has been established in vitro (13,18,28,50,53), and interactions between E2 hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) and SR-B1