1989
DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.57.1.11
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Abstract: This article examines the interaction patterns of relatives of young, recent onset schizophrenic patients classified as displaying either high or low expressed emotion (EE) by two measures, the original Camberwell interview method and a recently developed brief method. The former was administered during the hospitalization period and the latter was administered approximately 2 months later when the patient was in the community. Family interactions were coded with an observational coding system that permitted s… Show more

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Cited by 157 publications
(117 citation statements)
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“…Examination of interaction patterns reveals that high levels of EE are associated with reciprocal negativity within the relationship (Cook, Kenny, & Goldstein, 1991;Hahlweg et al, 1989;Hooley, 1990;Simoneau, Miklowitz, & Saleem, 1998).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Examination of interaction patterns reveals that high levels of EE are associated with reciprocal negativity within the relationship (Cook, Kenny, & Goldstein, 1991;Hahlweg et al, 1989;Hooley, 1990;Simoneau, Miklowitz, & Saleem, 1998).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…What irritates one person, however, may not irritate another" (p.1098). Similarly, Hahlweg and colleagues (23) found similar behaviors among both over-involved families and non-involved families and concluded that the differences in EE levels were due to these behaviors being interpreted differently by consumers. Therefore, to accommodate this complicated causal model, researchers need a framework that can explain transactional processes between family members, capturing the role of social behaviors and individual subjectivity.…”
Section: Expressed Emotion Within Familiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Researchers concluded that levels of criticism were neither driven by family member behavior nor by consumer behavior, but their influence was bidirectional. Another study found that high EE relatives possessed a more negative interactional style with more negative non-verbal affect, more criticism, and more negative solutions (23). In examining interactions sequentially, the investigators found that families with high levels of criticism had longer-lasting negative reciprocal patterns than families with low level of criticism.…”
Section: Expressed Emotion Within Familiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several EE-studies have shown that patients actively contribute to negative escalations in the daily interaction with their critical relative: they, too, attack and counter-attack (Hahlweg et al, 1989;Hahlweg, 2005). Therefore, EE-criticism is taken to reflect a habitual pattern of reciprocal criticism that characterizes certain dyads rather than certain individuals (Hooley and Parker, 2006;Hooley, 2007).…”
Section: Pc and Reciprocal Criticismmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This assumption has not yet been tested in a naturalistic setting. In laboratory situations, however, empirical support was reported for the CFI (Hooley, 1986;Simoneau et al, 1999;Chambless et al, 2002) and the FMSS (Hahlweg et al, 1989). With regard to PC, empirical findings are sparse.…”
Section: Studymentioning
confidence: 99%