Exposure to multiple subgenotypes of hepatitis a virus during an outbreak using matched serum and saliva specimens

Amado, Luciane Almeida; Villar, Lívia Melo; Paula, Vanessa Salete de; Pinto, Marcelo Alves; Gaspar, Ana

doi:10.1002/jmv.22045

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The variable homogeneity of the isolates may reflect diversity in infection source. Some sources of infection may be contaminated with several different well-adapted HAV strains co-circulating in the same geographic area, previous reports have made similar observations [4,19,38,39]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…The high degree of conservation of the capsid amino acid sequence could result from negative selection of mutants and convergence of consensus or average sequences [15,17]. HAV co-infection and vaccine escape variants have also been documented, providing the opportunities for recombination and the emergence of new antigenic variants of HAV [19,20]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis A Virus in China: VP3-VP1-2A Genes and Evidence of Quasispecies Distribution in the Isolates

et al. 2013

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Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common cause of infectious hepatitis throughout the world, spread largely by the fecal-oral route. To characterize the genetic diversity of the virus circulating in China where HAV in endemic, we selected the outbreak cases with identical sequences in VP1-2A junction region and compiled a panel of 42 isolates. The VP3-VP1-2A regions of the HAV capsid-coding genes were further sequenced and analyzed. The quasispecies distribution was evaluated by cloning the VP3 and VP1-2A genes in three clinical samples. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the same genotyping results could be obtained whether using the complete VP3, VP1, or partial VP1-2A genes for analysis in this study, although some differences did exist. Most isolates clustered in sub-genotype IA, and fewer in sub-genotype IB. No amino acid mutations were found at the published neutralizing epitope sites, however, several unique amino acid substitutions in the VP3 or VP1 region were identified, with two amino acid variants closely located to the immunodominant site. Quasispecies analysis showed the mutation frequencies were in the range of 7.22x10-4 -2.33x10-3 substitutions per nucleotide for VP3, VP1, or VP1-2A. When compared with the consensus sequences, mutated nucleotide sites represented the minority of all the analyzed sequences sites. HAV replicated as a complex distribution of closely genetically related variants referred to as quasispecies, and were under negative selection. The results indicate that diverse HAV strains and quasispecies inside the viral populations are presented in China, with unique amino acid substitutions detected close to the immunodominant site, and that the possibility of antigenic escaping mutants cannot be ruled out and needs to be further analyzed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis A Virus in China: VP3-VP1-2A Genes and Evidence of Quasispecies Distribution in the Isolates

et al. 2013

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“…Phylogenetic analysis of HAV isolates obtained from household outbreaks revealed a co-circulation of the subgenotypes IA and IB. Several studies have reported the co-circulation of subgenotypes IA and IB in Brazil [11], [12], [29]. In 10 families, it was possible to sequence HAV RNA from the index cases and their household contacts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Person-to-person transmission is facilitated by close indoor contact where inadequate hygiene practices and a high proportion of susceptible individuals may exist. In recent years, many studies of indoor hepatitis A outbreaks have been published globally, but these studies are limited to outbreak investigations in daycare centers, nurseries, or schools [11], [12], [13]. Daycare centers and schools play an important role in the transmission network of HAV because of the tendency of children less than 6 years of age to develop asymptomatic infection and spread the disease among susceptible contacts [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Hepatitis A Virus Person-to-Person Transmission in Household Outbreaks

et al. 2014

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The person-to-person transmission of the hepatitis A virus primarily occurs in enclosed spaces, particularly in the presence of inadequate hygiene conditions and a high proportion of susceptible individuals. Thus, intimate family contact stands out as a risk factor for HAV infection dissemination. The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of household HAV transmission. Blood samples were collected from patients with hepatitis A (index cases) and their family members (contacts) that were referred to an ambulatory care clinic specializing in viral hepatitis. A total of 97 samples were collected from 30 families with a confirmed hepatitis A case (index case). Serological and molecular techniques for the diagnosis of hepatitis A were conducted on all samples. HAV infection (anti-HAV IgM + and/or HAV RNA +) was detected in 34.3% (23/67) of the contacts; 34.3% (23/67) of the contacts were immune to HAV, and 31.4% (21/67) were susceptible. In the household contacts, HAV immunity was significantly associated with older age; susceptibility to infection and HAV infection were associated with younger age. Household outbreaks were detected in 16/30 families studied. Co-circulation of subgenotypes IA and IB was found in the household outbreaks, and person-to-person transmission was evidenced in six of the household outbreaks, with 100% homology between the index case and contact strains. The results demonstrated the relevance of HAV household transmission, reaffirming the need for hepatitis A vaccine administration in susceptible contacts and effective infection control procedures to prevent the extension of household outbreaks.

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“…previously described for hepatitis A virus detection from oral fluid samples (Amado et al, 2008(Amado et al, , 2011.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of molecular methods for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA detection from oral fluid samples

Portilho

Martins

Lampe

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate four commercial DNA extraction methods and three PCR protocols for hepatitis B virus (HBV) detection in artificially contaminated oral fluid samples. The extraction protocols were selected based on ease of use and cost, and were also compared with respect to sensitivity and cost. Prior PCR optimization was conducted, in which the sample volume for DNA extraction and the concentrations of DNA and Taq DNA polymerase in the PCR were adjusted. One-round PCR, used to amplify the core region of the HBV genome, achieved high levels of sensitivity in comparison with nested and semi-nested PCR experiments that were designed for the amplification of HBV surface protein genes. Of the four extraction protocols evaluated, the RTP DNA/RNA Virus Mini kit and the QIAamp DNA Mini kit gave the highest recovery rates, presenting 20 copies of HBV DNA ml "1 as the limit of detection. These results suggest that HBV DNA can be detected from oral fluid samples but that the optimization of the PCR assays and the choice of extraction methods must be determined by laboratories before the implementation of this method in routine diagnostics.

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Exposure to multiple subgenotypes of hepatitis a virus during an outbreak using matched serum and saliva specimens

Cited by 16 publications

References 48 publications

Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis A Virus in China: VP3-VP1-2A Genes and Evidence of Quasispecies Distribution in the Isolates

Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis A Virus in China: VP3-VP1-2A Genes and Evidence of Quasispecies Distribution in the Isolates

Evidence of Hepatitis A Virus Person-to-Person Transmission in Household Outbreaks

A comparison of molecular methods for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA detection from oral fluid samples

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