“…In order to overcome the problem of hate speech versus legitimate criticism demarcation, our approach is to treat discriminated minority groups' feelings as a criterion of inclusion of specific utterances to the "hate speech" category. In our empirical research (e.g., Bilewicz, Soral, Marchlewska, & Winiewski, 2017;Soral, Bilewicz, & Winiewski, 2018;Winiewski et al, 2017), we pretested all examples of hate speech. A large list of negative statements about minority groups was presented to a sample of targeted minority members (e.g., Polish Jews, Muslims, Roma, LGBT people, etc.…”