2017
DOI: 10.1002/ab.21737
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Abstract: In three studies (two representative nationwide surveys, N = 1,007, N = 682; and one experimental, N = 76) we explored the effects of exposure to hate speech on outgroup prejudice. Following the General Aggression Model, we suggest that frequent and repetitive exposure to hate speech leads to desensitization to this form of verbal violence and subsequently to lower evaluations of the victims and greater distancing, thus increasing outgroup prejudice. In the first survey study, we found that lower sensitivity t… Show more

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Cited by 177 publications
(120 citation statements)
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References 26 publications
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“…In order to overcome the problem of hate speech versus legitimate criticism demarcation, our approach is to treat discriminated minority groups' feelings as a criterion of inclusion of specific utterances to the "hate speech" category. In our empirical research (e.g., Bilewicz, Soral, Marchlewska, & Winiewski, 2017;Soral, Bilewicz, & Winiewski, 2018;Winiewski et al, 2017), we pretested all examples of hate speech. A large list of negative statements about minority groups was presented to a sample of targeted minority members (e.g., Polish Jews, Muslims, Roma, LGBT people, etc.…”
Section: Hate Speech As a Harmful Language: Definitional Issuesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In order to overcome the problem of hate speech versus legitimate criticism demarcation, our approach is to treat discriminated minority groups' feelings as a criterion of inclusion of specific utterances to the "hate speech" category. In our empirical research (e.g., Bilewicz, Soral, Marchlewska, & Winiewski, 2017;Soral, Bilewicz, & Winiewski, 2018;Winiewski et al, 2017), we pretested all examples of hate speech. A large list of negative statements about minority groups was presented to a sample of targeted minority members (e.g., Polish Jews, Muslims, Roma, LGBT people, etc.…”
Section: Hate Speech As a Harmful Language: Definitional Issuesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2 This is despite the Twitter policy condemning the promotion of violence against people on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, religious affiliation, age, disability, or serious disease. 3 Hate speech may not represent the general opinion, yet it promotes the dehumanization of people who are typically from minority groups (Soral et al, 2017;Martin et al, 2012) and can incite hate crime (Ross et al, 2017).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Especially in the context of social media consumption, such research could include social interaction processes, such as (aggressive) partisan rhetoric and digital indicators of social endorsement (c.f. Soral, Bilewicz, & Winiewski, 2018;Messing & Westwood, 2014).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%