Exposure to brominated and organophosphate ester flame retardants in U.S. childcare environments: Effect of removal of flame-retarded nap mats on indoor levels

Stubbings, William A.; Schreder, Erika; Thomas, Maia; Romanak, Kevin; Venier, Marta; Salamova, Amina

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.083

Cited by 77 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…where Cdust is the concentration of a chemical in dust (ng/g), Irate is the ingestion rate (0.06 and 0.03 g/day for toddlers and adults, respectively), 1 T is the time spent at home (assumed to be 1 day), 2 and bw is the mean body weight (12 and 70 kg for toddlers and adults, respectively). 2 EDIs via dermal dust absorption were calculated using Equation 2:…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where Cdust is the concentration of a chemical in dust (ng/g), BSA is the exposed body surface area (2564 and 4615 cm 2 for toddlers and adults, respectively), 1 DAS is the dust adhered to skin (0.01 and 0.04 mg/cm 2 for toddlers and adults, respectively), 1 FA is the fraction of contaminant absorbed by skin (0.007, unitless), 1 T is the time spent at home (assumed to be 1 day), 2 and bw is the mean body weight (12 and 70 kg for toddlers and adults, respectively). 2…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Disinfecting products containing quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), also referred to as "quats", are recommended by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for disinfecting procedures specifically targeting the SARS coronavirus 2. 2 QACs are the major class of disinfectants and antimicrobials used in cleaning products, biocides, personal care products, and biomedical materials. 3,4 QACs are salts of quaternary ammonium cations with at least one long hydrophobic chlorinated or…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Indoor Exposure to Commonly Used Disinfectants During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Zheng

2020

Preprint

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Staying safe during <a></a><a>the COVID-19 pandemic</a> requires frequent disinfecting of the indoor environment. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs or “quats”) are the major class of chemicals widely used as disinfectants in consumer products. While disinfection is necessary for a safe environment during the pandemic, the increased use of QACs is concerning as exposure to these compounds has been associated with adverse effects on reproductive and respiratory systems. We have determined the occurrence and distribution of 19 QACs in 46 residential dust collected before and during the outbreak of COVID-19. All QACs were detected in more than 90% of the samples at concentrations ranging from 1.95 to 531 μg/g (median 58.9 μg/g). Higher QAC concentrations were found in dust collected before the COVID-19 pandemic and in homes with higher disinfecting frequencies (<i>p </i>< 0.05). In addition, 7 products most frequently used in these homes were analyzed, and QACs were detected at concentrations reaching up to 16,600 mg/L. The QAC profiles in dust and in products were similar, suggesting that these products can be a significant source of QACs. Our findings indicate that the indoor exposure to QACs is widespread, raising concerns about increased exposure to these chemicals during the ongoing pandemic.

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Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Indoor Exposure to Commonly Used Disinfectants During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Zheng

2020

Preprint

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“…Passive samplers are increasingly employed in investigations of outdoor and indoor exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) due to their ease of use [1][2][3]. Silicone wristbands are a new tool for assessing personal exposure to anthropogenic chemicals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of brominated and chlorinated flame retardants, organophosphate esters, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in silicone wristbands used as personal passive samplers

Romanak

Wang

Stubbings

et al. 2019

Journal of Chromatography A

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For the first time, we present an analytical method to simultaneously extract, fractionate, and quantify four groups of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in silicone wristbands, including 35 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 10 novel flame retardants (NFRs), 19 organophosphate esters (OPEs), and 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Wristbands were extracted using ultrasonication, and cleaned and fractionated on two multi-layer columns: one consisting of neutral alumina, neutral silica and Florisil, and the other consisting of neutral alumina, neutral silica, and acidic silica. Method accuracy and precision were validated using spiked wristband samples (n = 8) and procedural blanks (n = 7). Average matrix spike percent recoveries for all target analytes were within 57 -107% with relative standard errors < 20%, with a few exceptions. This method was applied to analyze thirteen wristbands worn by ten participants for seven days; three participants wore two wristbands to evaluate duplicate samples. Percent recoveries of surrogate standards for all four groups of analytes in these wristbands were all within the 80 -120% range with a few exceptions: recoveries for 13 C 12 BDE-209 and for 13 C 12 -triphenyl phosphate ranged from 35 -62% and 69 -176%, respectively. The majority of target analytes were detected in at least half of worn wristbands. The levels of total PBDEs, NFRs, OPEs and PAHs in deployed wristbands ranged from 28.4 to 412 ng, 40.7 to 625 ng, 2,440 to 9,580 ng, and 76.2 to 1,240 ng, respectively.We developed an efficient method for the determination of a total of 77 analytes, including 35 PBDEs, 10 NFRs, 19 OPEs, and 13 PAHs, in silicone wristbands. This method offers a solution to chromatographic interferences associated with siloxanes from the wristband Romanak et al. Highlights •Silicone wristbands are a novel tool for assessing personal exposures • This is the first method for simultaneous quantitative analysis of 77 SVOCs 35 PBDEs, 9 NFRs, 19 OPEs, and 13 PAHs were simultaneously extracted and analyzed Romanak et al. •

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“…This is of particular relevance to EH-TBB and FM550, which are widely used to flame proof upholstered furniture including childcare products (e.g. car seats and nap mats) (Hammel et al, 2017;Stubbings et al, 2018). A recent study by our research group revealed dermal uptake of some brominated FRs via contact with upholstered furniture may even exceed exposure via dust ingestion or dietary exposure (Abdallah and Harrad, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

First insight into human extrahepatic metabolism of flame retardants: Biotransformation of EH-TBB and Firemaster-550 components by human skin subcellular fractions

et al. 2019

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Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.

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Exposure to brominated and organophosphate ester flame retardants in U.S. childcare environments: Effect of removal of flame-retarded nap mats on indoor levels

Cited by 77 publications

References 54 publications

Indoor Exposure to Commonly Used Disinfectants During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Indoor Exposure to Commonly Used Disinfectants During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Analysis of brominated and chlorinated flame retardants, organophosphate esters, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in silicone wristbands used as personal passive samplers

First insight into human extrahepatic metabolism of flame retardants: Biotransformation of EH-TBB and Firemaster-550 components by human skin subcellular fractions

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