Exploring the conceptualization, operationalization, implementation, and measurement of outreach in community settings with hard-to-reach and hidden populations: A scoping review

Jiao, Sunny; Slemon, Allie; Guţă, Adrian; Bungay, Vicky

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115232

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Providing services for and conducting research with structurally vulnerable populations including people affected by homelessness is a long-standing challenge (Cloke et al 2000; Flook, Grohmann, and Stagg 2020; Jiao et al 2022). People affected by homelessness may be hidden to social services, health services, and researchers, due to many factors including previous negative experiences, perceived stigma, and geographical barriers (Acosta and Toro 2000; Belcher and DeForge 2012; Kryda and Compton 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outreach typically involves traveling to people with unmet needs to build relationships and provide support (Jiao et al 2022). Such efforts are particularly valuable for people affected by homelessness (Kopanitsa et al 2023; Olivet, Bassuk, et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peer-delivered outreach includes people with lived experience that can help with engagement and support recovery through shared affiliation and deeper understanding (Fortuna, Solomon, and Rivera 2022). Scholars have critiqued outreach efforts (broadly speaking, inclusive of social workers, community health workers, and other health professions) as needing to improve by better removing structural barriers to care (Jiao et al 2022). Yet, it is clear that social relationships matter in terms of connecting structurally vulnerable people with resources and support (Shier, Jones, and Graham 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hidden to Whom? Aspects of Visibility among People Who Died While Affected by Homelessness and Implications for Outreach

Neil Greene

2024

Sociological Perspectives

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Service providers and researchers often describe people affected by homelessness as hidden. This study aims to study social relationships and implications for outreach services through a qualitative content analysis of reports written by field investigators for the New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator that involve people affected by homelessness who died between 2014 and 2019 across the state ( N = 512). Findings describe variation in what is newly conceptualized as the aspects of the visibility framework, which organizes people as most engaged and surveilled, most visible and exposed, or most hidden. Recommendations include facilitating greater engagement with hotel/motel management and staff about harm reduction and engaging more with local business communities and first responders (including the criminal-legal system). This research also conceptualizes subsistence ties, acquaintances that both provide longer-term support and further hide people who are precariously housed. Future research and policy recommendations are described.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hidden to Whom? Aspects of Visibility among People Who Died While Affected by Homelessness and Implications for Outreach

Neil Greene

2024

Sociological Perspectives

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“…Outreach is a commonly employed strategy used by nurses, social workers, and other allied service providers to support women experiencing SI or GBV to engage with care ( Jiao et al, 2022 ). Within a street-involved context, outreach is consistently contrasted with traditional site-based services, occurring in community settings where people spend their time such as parks, drop-in centers, and on the street ( Sarradon-Eck et al, 2014 ; Small et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-designing an Outreach Intervention for Women Experiencing Street-Involvement and Gender-Based Violence: Community–Academic Partnerships in Action

Bungay,

Dewar,

Schoening

et al. 2024

Violence Against Women

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Outreach is an important approach to improve health and social care for women experiencing street involvement (SI) or gender-based violence (GBV). Few studies have examined outreach approaches that incorporate SI and GBV. Drawing on feminist theories and principles of community-based research, we detail an inclusive co-design approach for an outreach intervention considering these interrelated contexts. Women with lived experience, researchers, and service leaders drew on research and experiential knowledge to define outreach engagement principles: tackling GBV, personhood and relational engagement, trauma-informed engagement, and harm reduction engagement. The resulting intervention integrates these principles to enable building and sustaining relationships to facilitate care.

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“…Since its origin in Europe in the early 1980s, this strategy has been characterized by values of community-based, approachable, participative, and mutual respect in supporting hard-to-reach or hidden populations [ 17 ]. However, a recent scoping review revealed a large variation in its conceptualization [ 18 ]. In this paper, outreach work is defined as proactive, provider-initiated care above and beyond demand-led usual care [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Organization of Outreach Work for Vulnerable Patients in General Practice during COVID-19: Results from the Cross-Sectional PRICOV-19 Study in 38 Countries

Poel

Collins

Groenewegen

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected vulnerable populations’ access to health care. By proactively reaching out to them, general practices attempted to prevent the underutilization of their services. This paper examined the association between practice and country characteristics and the organization of outreach work in general practices during COVID-19. Linear mixed model analyses with practices nested in countries were performed on the data of 4982 practices from 38 countries. A 4-item scale on outreach work was constructed as the outcome variable with a reliability of 0.77 and 0.97 at the practice and country level. The results showed that many practices set up outreach work, including extracting at least one list of patients with chronic conditions from their electronic medical record (30.1%); and performing telephone outreach to patients with chronic conditions (62.8%), a psychological vulnerability (35.6%), or possible situation of domestic violence or a child-rearing situation (17.2%). Outreach work was positively related to the availability of an administrative assistant or practice manager (p < 0.05) or paramedical support staff (p < 0.01). Other practice and country characteristics were not significantly associated with undertaking outreach work. Policy and financial interventions supporting general practices to organize outreach work should focus on the range of personnel available to support such practice activities.

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Exploring the conceptualization, operationalization, implementation, and measurement of outreach in community settings with hard-to-reach and hidden populations: A scoping review

Cited by 7 publications

References 71 publications

Hidden to Whom? Aspects of Visibility among People Who Died While Affected by Homelessness and Implications for Outreach

Hidden to Whom? Aspects of Visibility among People Who Died While Affected by Homelessness and Implications for Outreach

Co-designing an Outreach Intervention for Women Experiencing Street-Involvement and Gender-Based Violence: Community–Academic Partnerships in Action

The Organization of Outreach Work for Vulnerable Patients in General Practice during COVID-19: Results from the Cross-Sectional PRICOV-19 Study in 38 Countries

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