Exploration of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis to Improve Animal Welfare by Means of Genetic Selection: Lessons from the South African Merino

Hough, Denise; Cloete, S.W.P.

doi:10.3390/ani3020442

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 161 publications

(250 reference statements)

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“…The more stringent Bayesian test identified 47 loci under selection, including a marker near to the corticotrophin releasing hormone on ovine chromosome 9 (Sandenbergh et al, 2013). This result is interesting given the indications that the lines under study differed in their ability to synthesize cortisol (Hough et al, 2013). Sandenbergh et al's (2013) results support previous line differences based on RAPD markers in the same lines (Naidoo et al, 2005).…”

Section: Challenges To Aligning Small Stock Breeding In South Africa supporting

confidence: 81%

The adaption of the South Africa sheep industry to new trends in animal breeding and genetics: A review

Cloete¹,

Olivier

Sandenbergh

et al. 2015

SA J. An. Sci.

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The history of sheep breeding research in South Africa can be divided roughly into four eras, namely the research and development phase, the commencement of recording and evaluation, the expansion of recording schemes, and, most recently, the adaptation of schemes to international benchmarks. The most recent era has presented scientists with the greatest challenges, namely the inclusion of genomic breeding values in routine sheep recording and of disease-resistance traits during routine evaluation. The establishment of reference populations for the major South African sheep breeds to estimate genomic breeding values is an immediate challenge. This process may be facilitated by a number of genetic resource flocks that are phenotyped for traits that are not routinely recorded in the national evaluation. A limited number of these animals are also genotyped. There is strong evidence that resistance of sheep to external and internal parasites is heritable, and may be improved by purposeful selection. Efforts should be concentrated on the inclusion of disease resistance traits in national analyses where appropriate. However, seen against the background that South African investment in research is appreciably less than in developed countries, lack of funding and high-capacity manpower may impede rapid progress. There thus seem to be many challenges for future generations of sheep breeding scientists. ______________________________________________________________________________

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Section: Challenges To Aligning Small Stock Breeding In South Africa supporting

confidence: 81%

The adaption of the South Africa sheep industry to new trends in animal breeding and genetics: A review

Cloete¹,

Olivier

Sandenbergh

et al. 2015

SA J. An. Sci.

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“…Ewes previously selected for their ability to rear lambs show behavioural responses, such as a closer approach distance, in an approach avoidance test, indicative of increased 'calmness' or a better ability to cope with acute stress (Kilgour and Szantar-Coddington, 1995;Hough et al, 2013) compared with unselected ewes or ewes with a lower rearing ability. Thus, although there appears to be some association between ewe temperament and maternal care in ewes the picture is not very clear, and how this is mediated is still unknown.…”

Section: Difficult Parturitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal behaviour and lamb survival: from neuroendocrinology to practical application

Dwyer

2014

Animal

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Parental care promotes offspring survival and, for livestock species, this care is provided solely by the mother. Maternal behaviour in the sheep has been exceptionally well-studied compared with other species and many of the underpinning biological processes leading to the expression of maternal care are known. In this review the current state of play with regard to the biology of maternal care will be reviewed, and its application to provide practical solutions to reduce lamb mortality considered. For maternal care to be elicited at birth the ewe requires elevated circulating oestradiol in late gestation, which stimulates the expression of oxytocin receptors in both peripheral and central areas (particularly the hypothalamic and limbic areas of the brain). At birth stretching of the vaginocervical canal elicits a spinal reflex which triggers the release of oxytocin primarily from neurones within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin release causes an increase in the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, acetylcholine, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the olfactory bulb, and other brain regions important for maternal behaviour. Finally, sensory cues provided by the lamb, in particular the amniotic fluids surrounding it, lead to the expression of maternal behaviours (licking, low-pitched bleats, acceptance of the lamb at the udder and suckling). This allows the expression of the two facets of maternal behaviour in the ewe: nurturance of the young and maternal selectivity, whereby a specific olfactory memory for the ewes own lamb is formed and the expression of maternal care is restricted to this lamb. Variation in the expression of maternal care has been demonstrated in primiparous ewes compared with multiparous, in different sheep genotypes, with undernutrition, stress in pregnancy, following a difficult delivery, and may occur with variation in ewe temperament. An understanding of the importance of the timing of various events in late pregnancy and during parturition, as well as the factors that can disrupt these events, can help to design management activities to minimise risks to the successful onset of maternal behaviour. Management practices that work with the biology of the ewe will be the most successful in ensuring that maternal care is expressed, so improving the welfare of the ewe and lamb, and the profitability of the farm.

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“…They also participate in the neurotransmitter control over the chronological rhythms of postnatal growth and development due to receptor interaction with aminobutyric acid [12,13] and dopamine, affect the organogenesis of blood vessels, locomotor apparatus [15], skeletal muscles (which has hypertrophic development in broiler chickens) [5,9], and myelination of nerve fibers [13]. Progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and its metabolite cortisol are among the primary activators and effectors of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [10,16]. However, the information on the role of progesterone and its derivatives in lipid and protein metabolisms (despite the direct link between the biosynthesis of these metabolites, particularly the low and high density lipoproteins and hormones) is extremely limited.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…On day 7, the broilers showed a factor (see Table 2, Fig. ) which included progesterone and cortisol as principal components (r-Pearson: P 4 and Cortisol -r = 0.73, p = 0.016), and also a factor of cholesterol donation through active conversion of LDL cholesterol to progesterone and, therefore, the activation of endocrine metabolic pathway of 17-OHP and its products, the sex hormones, cortisol and other steroids [15,16] (see Table 1, 2, Fig.). Progesterone (along with somatotropic and thyroid hormones) provides an increase in body weight, primarily due to the regulation of the synthesis of proteins (mainly the proteins of skeletal muscles and tissues of internal organs) [24].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Involvement of Cholesterol, Progesterone, Cortisol and Lipoproteins in Metabolic Changes During Early Ontogenesis of Broiler Chicks of an Industrial Cross

Kolesnik¹,

Дерхо²

2017

S-h. biol.

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Morphophysiological changes in body are influenced by environmental factors, what is more, the specific nature of the body reactions depends on the reaction rate and the stage of ontogenesis on which the physiological stimuli act (I. Schmalhausen, 1982). Also it is known that hormones participate in the regulation of metabolism, growth and development, in adaptation processes. We determined the concentration of high-density (HDL) and low density (LDL) lipoproteins directly involved in protein and lipid metabolism, total cholesterol (TCS), progesterone (P 4), 17hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), and cortisol in blood plasma of Hubbard F15 broiler chickens at early postnatal ontogenesis using four groups of poultry of the industrial herd of Chebarkulskaya Ptitsa LLC (Chelyabinsk Province, Russian Federation), 10 animals in each, aged 1, 7, 23 and 42 days, respectively. The role and interrelations of these substances in metabolism were assessed using Pearson's correlation analysis and factor analysis by the principal components method with Varimax factor rotation. Thus, in 1-day aged chicks, the integration of factors HDL, LDL, TCS, P 4 and cortisol involved in metabolic processes and metabolism regulations was noted with r-Pearson for P 4

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Exploration of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis to Improve Animal Welfare by Means of Genetic Selection: Lessons from the South African Merino

Cited by 11 publications

References 161 publications

The adaption of the South Africa sheep industry to new trends in animal breeding and genetics: A review

The adaption of the South Africa sheep industry to new trends in animal breeding and genetics: A review

Maternal behaviour and lamb survival: from neuroendocrinology to practical application

Involvement of Cholesterol, Progesterone, Cortisol and Lipoproteins in Metabolic Changes During Early Ontogenesis of Broiler Chicks of an Industrial Cross

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