Experimental Vaginal and Cutaneous Moniliasis

Bland, Phillip

doi:10.1001/archderm.1937.01480040077006

Cited by 50 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It is of importance to note that four members of the genus Candida were the only yeast-like organisms frequently recovered. In addition to C. albicans, which is a well-recognized potential pathogen (29,32), other species of Candida as well as P. ovale have variously been implicated with natural (13,28,31,39) or experimental (6,19,22) infectious events. Analysis of the total microbial recovery during each sample period (Table 3) indicates that the relative importance of these species as possible sources of endogenous infections during space flight increased as the mission progressed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Fungal Autoflora of Apollo Astronauts

Taylor¹,

Henney²,

Ellis³

1973

Applied Microbiology

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Specimens were repeatedly obtained for mycological examination from the skin, throat, urine, and feces of the six astronauts who conducted the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 lunar exploration missions. Analysis of preflight data demonstrates that the process of severely restricting opportunities from colonization for 3 weeks before flight resulted in a 50% reduction in the number of isolated species. Postflight data indicate that exposure to the space flight environment for up to 2 weeks resulted in an even greater reduction with a relative increase in the potential pathogen Candida albicans. No incidences of microbial shock were observed when crewmembers were quarantined for 16 days after completion of the space flight. Intercrew transfer of particular species could not be demonstrated because most species were not consistently recovered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Fungal Autoflora of Apollo Astronauts

Taylor¹,

Henney²,

Ellis³

1973

Applied Microbiology

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“…Live-challenge studies are not new, since they currently exist for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in males and for Haemophilus ducreyi (1,10). A live Candida vaginal challenge is not new either, although it has not been reported in the literature since 1934, where Bland et al (5) found a hormonal association with symptomatic infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Intravaginal Live Candida Challenge in Humans Leads to New Hypotheses for the Immunopathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Fidel¹,

Barousse²,

Espinosa³

et al. 2004

Infect Immun

224

209

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Acute and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) remains a significant problem in women of childbearing age. While clinical studies of women with recurrent VVC (RVVC) and animal models have provided important data about a limited protective role of adaptive immunity, there remains a paucity of information on the protective mechanisms or factors associated with susceptibility to infection. In the present study, an intravaginal live Candida challenge in healthy adult women showed a differential susceptibility to symptomatic VVC, where 3 (15%) of 19 women with no history of VVC acquired a symptomatic infection compared to 6 (55%) of 11 women with an infrequent history of VVC. Furthermore, these studies revealed that protection against infection is noninflammatory while symptomatic infection correlates with a vaginal infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and a high vaginal fungal burden. Thus, the presence of symptomatic infection appears more dependent on host factors than on properties of the organism. Finally, vaginal lavage fluid from women with a symptomatic infection, but not those asymptomatically colonized, promoted the chemotaxis of PMNs. These results suggest that rather than RVVC/VVC being caused by an aberrant adaptive immune response, symptoms that define infection appear to be due to an aggressive innate response by PMNs.Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), caused primarily by Candida albicans, remains a significant problem in women of childbearing age (28). C. albicans is a commensal organism of the gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts (8). Several exogenous factors predispose menarchal women to acute VVC, including hormonal modulations associated with pregnancy, the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, high-dose oral estrogen contraception, and hormone replacement therapy, and nonhormonal factors such as antibiotic usage and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (29). There is also a population of women (5 to 10%) who suffer from recurrent VVC (RVVC), which is defined as three or more episodes per annum (28). While most women with RVVC have no known predisposing factors, hormonal or otherwise (idiopathic, and termed primary RVVC), another group of women have RVVC as a result of being unable to avoid certain predisposing factors (secondary RVVC) (28). Historically, primary RVVC has been attributed to a putative local immune deficiency (reviewed in reference 11).Candida-specific cell-mediated immunity, acquired by exposure to Candida early in life, has been considered the predominant host defense mechanism against mucosal Candida infections. However, studies from a mouse model of vaginal candidiasis and many cross-sectional clinical studies evaluating women with primary RVVC over the past several decades have revealed a general lack of protection by local or systemic adaptive immunity (reviewed in reference 11). While data suggest that this may be the result of immunoregulatory mechanisms (31,33,34) and as such have provided important information, these studies provided few clues to the mechan...

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“…Liston and Cruickshank (1940) observed in the groups they studied that the incidence of moniliasis was greater in the later stages of pregnancy. Bland and others (1937) found that in naturally occurring infections initial symptoms appeared during the second trimester, and their experimental findings indicated that factors which favour the onset of moniliasis develop in the third month of pregnancy or earlier. Raised glycogen content of the vaginal epithelium is probably the main cause, rather than increased vaginal acidity (Davis and Pearl, 1938); exacerbations immediately prior to menstruation may be similarly explained.…”

Section: Predisposing Factors In Moniliasismentioning

confidence: 99%