Experimental study on direct injection diesel engine fuelled with ferric chloride nanoparticle dispersed Cassia Fistula biodiesel blend

Investigation on a diesel engine fueled with hydrogen‐compressed natural gas and Kusum seed biodiesel: Performance, combustion, and emission approach

“…Thermal efficiency was further improved by increasing the injection pressure. A higher injection pressure causes the small fuel molecules to vaporize and atomize more quickly due to improved fuel–air mixing, resulting in a broader combustion spectrum than is possible with a lower injection pressure 28,36,41 . All test samples showed the same variations.…”

“…Injection pressure has also been shown to have a beneficial effect on NHRR by improving the combustion and mixing of air and fuel 10,36 . Increasing the injection pressure resulted in a higher NHRR for all test fuel samples.…”

“…In addition, the increased diffusivity and flame speed provided better combustion 23,25,29,42 . In addition, the higher injection pressure led to a significant increase in CP due to improved fuel atomization from the smaller fuel droplets, resulting in a better fuel–air mixture 10,36 . At 240 bar, the CP of pure diesel, KSOBD20, KSOBD20 + 5 lpm HCNG, KSOBD20 + 10 lpm HCNG, and KSOBD20 + 15 lpm HCNG were 59.54, 60.23, 64.04, 65.5, and 69.34 bar, respectively.…”

“…Besides, combustion temperatures were reported to be higher, and the engine operated faster when HCNG was mixed with other fuels, resulting in better combustion 18,23,25,38 . An increase in injection pressure led to an increase in fuel evaporation, which resulted in a significant decrease in CO emissions 33,36,41 . At an injection pressure of 240 bar, the CO emissions of pure diesel, KSOBD20, KSOBD20 + 5 lpm HCNG, KSOBD20 + 10 lpm HCNG, and KSOBD20 + 15 lpm HCNG were 0.096%, 0.049%, 0.033%, 0.021%, and 0.013%, respectively.…”

“…Uncertainty testing is essential to detect errors in the instrument and procedure. Equation (13) was used to calculate the total uncertainty 36 $$$\mathrm{Overall}\unicode{x02007}\mathrm{uncertainty}\unicode{x02007}({U}_{L})=\sqrt{\left\{{\left(\frac{\delta L}{\delta {x}_{1}}{u}_{1}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{\delta L}{\delta {x}_{2}}{u}_{2}\right)}^{2}+{\left(\frac{\delta L}{\delta {x}_{3}}{u}_{3}\right)}^{2}+\text{\unicode{x022EF}}+{\left(\frac{\delta L}{\delta {x}_{N}}{u}_{N}\right)}^{2}\right\}},$$$where $${x}_{1},{x}_{2},{x}_{3},\mathrm{and}\unicode{x02007}{x}_{N}$$ are the independent variables related to the uncertainty function ( L ).…”