Experimental Live Attenuated Rubella Virus Vaccine

Two centuries of vaccination: historical and conceptual approach and future perspectives

“…Although mumps is generally less lethal, it can cause severe complications, such as aseptic meningitis and encephalitis ( 141 ). On the other hand, rubella, while often mild in children, can have devastating effects on pregnant women and neonates ( 142 ).…”

“…However, these vaccines failed to provide full and long-lasting immunity, so efforts turned to the development of attenuated vaccines ( 35 ). These vaccines were developed by weakening the viruses through their passage in embryonated eggs or cell cultures, making the attenuated viruses safe, and less reactogenic while retaining immunogenic capacity ( 62 , 142 , 143 ).…”

Vaccine and vaccination as a part of human life: In view of COVID‐19

“…In 1960′s, three attenuated vaccine were developed‐ for measles (1963) by Samuel Katz and John Enders, [ 35 ] for mumps (1967) by Maurice Hilleman, [ 36 ] and for rubella virus (1970) by various workers. [ 37 , 38 , 39 ] While in 1971 MMR single vaccine were developed after combining measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines. In 1964 the killed rabies vaccine was developed by administering in the abdomen with 30 painful shots and finally in 1980 a newer version was introduced with five shots to be given in arm to protect from fatal rabies.…”

Causes of birth defects: Lessons from history

“…Soon after the rubella virus was isolated in 1962 (Weller and Neva 1962;Parkman et al 1962), there was a major epidemic of rubella in the United States in 1963-1965, resulting in more than 20 000 infants being born with birth defects due to maternal rubella and leading to the effects being named the congenital rubella syndrome (Cooper and Alford 2001). This epidemic led to the eventually successful search for rubella vaccines (Hilleman et al 1969;Meyer et al 1969;Plotkin et al 1969;Prinzie et al 1969). Effective vaccination programs have given hope of eliminating rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the United States (Plotkin 2006;Reef and Cochi 2006;.…”