Experimental infection of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar pre-smolts by i.p. injection with new Irish and Norwegian salmonid alphavirus (SAV) isolates: a comparative study

Christie, K. E.; Graham, D. A.; McLoughlin, M F; Villoing, Stéphane; Todd, D.; Knappskog, Dag

doi:10.3354/dao075013

Cited by 55 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…The most common cardiac lesions in the present study were very similar to those seen in field cases of CMS, and the development of cardiac changes also differed from experiments with HSMI. Furthermore, the time from challenge to appearance of lesions in the compact layer in the present study was considerably longer than in experimental transmission of both HSMI (Kongtorp et al 2004b, Kongtorp & Taksdal 2009) and PD (McLoughlin et al 1996, Christie et al 2007). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Experimental transmission of cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Fritsvold¹,

Kongtorp²,

Taksdal³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) is a disease of unknown aetiology, having significant economic impact as it primarily affects large, farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in seawater, close to harvest. In the present study, we have demonstrated that CMS is a transmissible disease under experimental conditions. Histopathological lesions consistent with CMS were induced in Atlantic salmon post-smolts after injection of tissue homogenate from farmed fish diagnosed with CMS. Six weeks post-injection (p.i.), experimental fish started developing focal to multi-focal lesions in the atrial endo-and myocardium, with subsequent progression to the ventricle. This proceeded into severe endocarditis and subsequent myocarditis with mononuclear cell infiltration of the atrium and, to a lesser degree, the spongy layer of the ventricle. These lesions were consistent with histopathological findings in field outbreaks of CMS. From Week 33 p.i., lesions also appeared in the compact myocardium, with focal epicarditis adjacent to focal myocardial lesions. In conclusion, these results indicate that CMS has an infectious aetiology and should be treated as a potentially contagious disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Experimental transmission of cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Fritsvold¹,

Kongtorp²,

Taksdal³

et al. 2009

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…These data might also be related to the kinetics of infection with SAV isolates of differing subtypes, as persistence of viral RNA in the tissues of farmed Atlantic salmon from which the virus was not isolated has been described (Christie et al 2007, Graham et al 2010, Jansen et al 2010. It has also been noted that initial isolation of SAV can be complex, and a degree of cell-culture selection or adaptation may be necessary in some cases .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have shown heart tissue to be one of the most appropriate tissues for detecting SAV during all stages of infection (also persistent infections) (Graham et al 2006, Christie et al 2007, Andersen et al 2007; for this reason, only heart tissue was processed for molecular testing. Approximately 5 mg of homogenised tissue was used for ex traction of total RNA (MagAttract M48 RNA Tissue Kit, Qiagen) using the M48 BioRobot (Qiagen).…”

Section: Sav Rt-qpcr and Sequencingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A minimum of 30 fish from each of the 2 locations at Stonehaven Bay, including fish shown to be SAV positive by PCR, were examined histologically. Sections were reviewed without knowledge of the PCR results, and all tissues were assessed with a particular focus on pancreas, heart and red and white skeletal muscle, as these are the tissues most severely affected during SAV infection in salmonids (Christie et al 2007. Histological changes attributed to PD include a severe loss of exocrine pancreatic tissue combined with chronic myositis, with red and white skeletal myocytic degeneration and hypercellularity within the heart (McVicar 1987, McLoughlin et al 1996, Murphy et al 1992.…”

Section: Tissue Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through experimental studies, SAV has been shown to survive for 5.7 d at 10°C in sterile saltwater with organic loading ). Moreover, viral RNA has been shown to persist in tissues for extended periods (Andersen et al 2007, Christie et al 2007, Graham et al 2010, Jansen et al 2010), potentially posing an infection risk to healthy fish.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of a wild reservoir of salmonid alphavirus in common dab Limanda limanda, with emphasis on virus culture and sequencing

Bruno¹,

Noguera²,

Black³

et al. 2014

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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Common dab Limanda limanda from Scottish and international waters were examined by quantitative real-time RT-qPCR for evidence of viral RNA consistent with salmonid alphaviruses (SAV). SAV prevalence in heart tissue varied between sampling sites and reached up to 17% in fish collected near the Shetland Islands, Scotland. Raw Ct values ranging from 22.31 to 39.45 were obtained from the SAV-positive tissue material using the nsP1 RT-qPCR assay. Bayesian-, likelihood-and distance-based phylogenetic analyses performed with the amplified partial E2 gene sequence dataset suggest that the dab-derived virus belongs to SAV Subtypes I, II and V. A single SAV subtype was identified from the majority of sampling sites, apart from Shetland, where Subtypes II and V were also identified. The presence of SAV RNA from common dab in regions detached from salmon aquaculture lends support to the hypothesis that common dab are bone fide wild reservoirs of SAV, independent of fish farming activity. There was no link between the occurrence of viral RNA, length and sex of the dab, water depth, or health status as recorded using the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) guidelines. In addition, the histological changes recorded in dab could not, with certainty, be attributed to infection with SAV. Finally, and for the first time, this study demonstrated that the dab-derived SAV Subtype V virus could be successfully cultured in a salmonid cell line.

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Comparison of complete polyprotein sequences of two isolates of salmon alphavirus (SAV) type I and their behaviour in a salmonid cell line

Matějusová

Lester

et al. 2013

Arch Virol

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Salmon pancreas disease virus is an alphavirus (family Togaviridae) affecting mainly Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Both polyprotein sequences of the Scottish isolate (SAV4640) were determined and compared with those of Irish isolate SAVF93-125. High amino acid sequence similarity (99.4 %) was found. Six amino acid deletions were found in the E2 gene of SAV4640. SAVF93-125 demonstrated a high viral load in culture despite high Mx expression. Approximately 50 % of cells infected with SAVF93-125 exhibited a cytopathic effect by day 8. SAV4640 successfully entered the cells, inducing 10,500-fold higher Mx expression at day 2 compared to SAVF93-25; however, no replication was observed based on results of the nsP1 qRT-PCR.

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Experimental infection of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar pre-smolts by i.p. injection with new Irish and Norwegian salmonid alphavirus (SAV) isolates: a comparative study

Cited by 55 publications

References 21 publications

Experimental transmission of cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Experimental transmission of cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Identification of a wild reservoir of salmonid alphavirus in common dab Limanda limanda, with emphasis on virus culture and sequencing

Comparison of complete polyprotein sequences of two isolates of salmon alphavirus (SAV) type I and their behaviour in a salmonid cell line

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