Experiencing Psychosis and Shame: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Strength and Patterns of Association

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis Shame has been linked to the experience of psychosis, with implications for clinical outcomes, however, a meta-analysis of the relationship has not yet been conducted. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the strength of the association between shame and psychosis, and any variations between clinical and non-clinical populations and shame type (internal vs external shame). Study Design Searches were conducted in CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from the inception of the e-databases until July 2023. For inclusion, studies reported a quantitative association between psychosis and shame, or data that could be used to identify a relationship. From 11 372 unique retrieved records, 40 articles met the inclusion criteria and 38 were included in the meta-analyses. Study Results A significant large pooled estimate of the psychosis-shame association was identified (Zr = 0.36, [95% CI: 0.28, 0.44], P < .001), indicating that higher levels of shame were associated with greater severity of psychotic symptoms. The strength of the association was similar across clinical and non-clinical populations, however, differed by type of shame and psychosis symptom measured. External shame was strongly associated with paranoia suggesting possible confounding. Only a minority of studies met the highest quality criteria. Conclusions Shame is strongly associated with the severity of psychotic symptoms in clinical and non-clinical populations. Given the overlap with paranoia, measurement of external shame alone is not advised. Larger studies in clinical populations, with measures of a range of psychosis symptoms, are needed to better understand the relationship between shame and specific symptoms.