Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia

Gebhardt, Mary E.; Krizek, Rachel S; Coetzee, Maureen; Koekemoer, Lizette L.; Dahan-Moss, Yael; Mbewe, David; Lupiya, James; Muleba, Mbanga; Stevenson, Jennifer; Moss, William J.; Norris, Douglas E.

doi:10.1186/s12936-022-04231-5

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 34 publications

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“…gibbinsi, a potential secondary malaria vector. This vector has been reported in other parts of the country as a potential secondary malaria vector [33][34][35]. Secondary malaria vectors have not been adequately considered in most vector control programming yet they contribute to 5% of malaria transmission in the southern African region [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implication of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus coexistence on malaria elimination efforts in a peri-urban setting in Ndola district, Zambia

Hamwata,

Muleba,

Hazyondo

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background Malaria remains a public health issue in Zambia and insecticide-based vector control is the main malaria elimination strategy. Success of vector control is dependent on a clear understanding of bionomics and susceptibility of the local vectors to insecticides used. Therefore, this study was conducted to generate baseline data on vector behaviour and phenotypic resistance for effective vector control programming. Methods Data collection was conducted in Ndola district from July 2021 to October 2021 from four sites; two peri-urban and two rural sites using Centre for Disease Control – light traps (CDC – LT), Pyrethrum Spray Catches (PSC) and Larval Collection. Mosquito identification was done using standard identification keys and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Williams’s mean was used to determine mosquito densities and Kruskall Wallis H test was used to compare the distribution of mosquitoes. A negative binomial with a log link function was used to determine factors affecting mosquito counts. Susceptibility of the local vectors was determined using WHO tube and CDC bottle bioassay. Results The main breeding sites identified were irrigation trenches (4.67 larvae/dip) and garden ponds (2.72 larvae/dip) created from extensive urban agriculture practices. Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae were found to coexist in all the four sites with An. funestus identified as the most dominant malaria vector. Densities of An. gambiae s.s were found to be higher in urban than rural sites compared to An. funestus s.s which had similar distribution across the four study sites. Sprayed houses were significantly associated with reduced mosquito numbers (B = -0.956, IRR = 0.384, P ˂ 0.05). An. gambiae s.s was fully susceptible to organophosphates and neonicotinoids but highly resistant to pyrethroids, carbamates and organochlorines. Conclusions The emergence of An. funestus s.s in an area previously dominated by An. gambiae s.s and its coexistence with An. gambiae s.s in the dry season pose a risk of sustaining malaria transmission all year round. Agriculture practices in peri-urban areas resulted in highly productive mosquito breeding sites, thus the need for targeted vector control. Lastly, the two main vectors in Ndola vary in bionomics and control measures must be tailored to these findings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implication of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus coexistence on malaria elimination efforts in a peri-urban setting in Ndola district, Zambia

Hamwata,

Muleba,

Hazyondo

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Modelling the spatial risk of malaria through probability distribution of Anopheles maculipennis s.l. and imported cases

Taheri,

González,

Ruiz-López

et al. 2024

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Malaria remains one of the most important infectious diseases globally due to its high incidence and mortality rates. The influx of infected cases from endemic to non-endemic malaria regions like Europe has resulted in a public health concern over sporadic local outbreaks. This is facilitated by the continued presence of competent Anopheles vectors in non-endemic countries. We modelled the potential distribution of the main malaria vector across Spain using the ensemble of eight modelling techniques based on environmental parameters and the Anopheles maculipennis s.l. presence/absence data collected from 2000 to 2020. We then combined this map with the number of imported malaria cases in each municipality to detect the geographic hot spots with a higher risk of local malaria transmission. The malaria vector occurred preferentially in irrigated lands characterized by warm climate conditions and moderate annual precipitation. Some areas surrounding irrigated lands in northern Spain (e.g. Zaragoza, Logroño), mainland areas (e.g. Madrid, Toledo) and in the South (e.g. Huelva), presented a significant likelihood of A. maculipennis s.l. occurrence, with a large overlap with the presence of imported cases of malaria. While the risk of malaria re-emergence in Spain is low, it is not evenly distributed throughout the country. The four recorded local cases of mosquito-borne transmission occurred in areas with a high overlap of imported cases and mosquito presence. Integrating mosquito distribution with human incidence cases provides an effective tool for the quantification of large-scale geographic variation in transmission risk and pinpointing priority areas for targeted surveillance and prevention.

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The first complete mitochondrional genome of Anopheles gibbinsi using a skimming sequencing approach.

Ali,

Gebhardt,

Lupiya

et al. 2024

F1000Res

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Mosquitoes belonging to the genus Anopheles are the only vectors of human malaria. Anopheles gibbinsi has been linked to malaria transmission in Kenya, with recent collections in Zambia reporting the mosquito species exhibiting zoophilic and exophilic behavioral patterns with occasional contact with humans. Given the paucity of genetic data, and challenges to identification and molecular taxonomy of the mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles genus; we report the first complete mitochondrial genome of An. gibbinsi using a genome skimming approach. An Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform was used for sequencing, the length of the mitochondrial genome was 15401 bp, with 78.5% AT content comprised of 37 genes. Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood using concatenation of the 13 protein coding genes demonstrated that An. marshallii was the closest relative based on existing sequence data. This study demonstrates that the skimming approach is an inexpensive and efficient approach for mosquito species identification and concurrent taxonomic rectification, which may be a useful alternative for generating reference sequence data for evolutionary studies among the Culicidae.

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Expanded geographic distribution and host preference of Anopheles gibbinsi (Anopheles species 6) in northern Zambia

Cited by 3 publications

References 34 publications

Implication of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus coexistence on malaria elimination efforts in a peri-urban setting in Ndola district, Zambia

Implication of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus coexistence on malaria elimination efforts in a peri-urban setting in Ndola district, Zambia

Modelling the spatial risk of malaria through probability distribution of Anopheles maculipennis s.l. and imported cases

The first complete mitochondrional genome of Anopheles gibbinsi using a skimming sequencing approach.

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