Exosomes: Versatile Nano Mediators of Immune Regulation

Abstract

One of many types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes are nanovesicle structures that are released by almost all living cells that can perform a wide range of critical biological functions. Exosomes play important roles in both normal and pathological conditions by regulating cell-cell communication in cancer, angiogenesis, cellular differentiation, osteogenesis, and inflammation. Exosomes are stable in vivo and they can regulate biological processes by transferring lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and even entire signaling pathways through the circulation to cells at distal sites. Recent advances in the identification, production, and purification of exosomes have created opportunities to exploit these structures as novel drug delivery systems, modulators of cell signaling, mediators of antigen presentation, as well as biological targeting agents and diagnostic tools in cancer therapy. This review will examine the functions of immunocyte-derived exosomes and their roles in the immune response under physiological and pathological conditions. The use of immunocyte exosomes in immunotherapy and vaccine development is discussed.

Inducible Polarized Secretion of Exosomes in T and B Lymphocytes

“…The "minimal experimental requirements for definition of extracellular vesicles" from ISEV provide recommendations on experimental methodology and minimal information on reporting EV isolation/purification, EV characterization and studies on EV biological function [21,22]. Regarding exosome biogenesis and composition please refer to the ISEV standards-curated, web pages regarding proteins, miRNAs and lipids commonly found and enriched in exosomes and other EV (EXOCARTA: http://exocarta.org/index.html# and VESICLEPEDIA: http://www.microvesicles.org/) and some excellent and recent reviews on this subject [23][24][25]. With regards to exosome heterogeneity, growing evidence supports that the same cell type releases distinct exosome subpopulations with unique compositions [26], possibly originating from different subpopulations of MVB and reflecting endosomal sorting complex required for traffic (ESCRT)-dependent and independent sorting machineries [24].…”

<p>Extracellular Vesicles – Advanced Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: Progress and Achievements</p>

“…132 Therefore, NK cell-derived EVs are ideal carriers to deliver antitumor drugs and have natural antitumor activity simultaneously in cancer therapy. 133 However, some obstacles of using immunocytes derived EVdelivery antitumor drugs should be considered. There are still biosafety risks remaining when using EVs derived from immune cell lines, but EVs derived from neither autologous nor allogenic primary immune cells may not meet the required quantity.…”

Zhen-Wu-Tang Protects IgA Nephropathy in Rats by Regulating Exosomes to Inhibit NF-κB/NLRP3 Pathway

“…When circulating complexes deposit in the glomeruli, the GMCs are activated, followed by cell proliferation and excessive production of inflammatory factors that promote impaired renal function (Chang and Li, 2020). As a new kind of biological marker, exosomes can not only mediate intercellular communication in inflammation but also remove waste or harmful components, which participate in the development of many renal deseases (Li Q. et al, 2019). Particularly, a new report illustrated the circRNAs carried by exosomes from HG-treated glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) activate GMCs, thus promoting kidney fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy.…”