Exosomes and organ-specific metastasis

Abstract

The transmission of information between tumor cells and other cell types in the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in tumor metastasis and is critically modulated by exosomes and other mediators. Tumor-derived exosomes can promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, immune escape, formation of the pre-metastatic microenvironment, and transmission of drug-resistant molecules, thereby promoting tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Integrins are important regulatory molecules on exosomes that can locate metastatic cells at the initial stage of metastasis and show good organotropism. This fact suggests that a clear understanding of the roles of exosomal integrins will be beneficial for future clinical applications. Follow-up studies on exosomes using continuously updated purification techniques and identification methods are extremely important. In addition to their potential as cancer biomarkers, exosomes also provide new research directions for precision medicine. Currently, exosomes have potential value in disease treatment and provide clinicians with more meaningful judgment standards. Some tumor-associated antigens carried by tumor-derived exosomes can stimulate immune cells to produce anti-tumor immune

Superfluorinated Extracellular Vesicles for In Vivo Imaging by 19F-MRI

“…Since the final objective of the study was to enable the visualization of the ability of EVs MSCs to target tumors, the imaging properties such as T 1 and T 2 relaxation times of derived PERFECTA-EVs MSCs were first evaluated in phantoms to assess their suitability for further use in vivo. In fact, there is strong evidence that EVs (i.e., B16-F10) from cancer cells are heavily involved in metastatic tumor growth, − which would make their therapeutic use questionable.…”

Exosomal cargos-mediated metabolic reprogramming in tumor microenvironment

“…A study has found that human melanomaderived exosomes are rich in exosomal miR-155 and miR-210. These exosomal miRNAs reprogram human adult dermal fibroblasts by promoting glycolysis and inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), leading to the acidification of ECM [257,281]. The local acidification of ECM is conducive to the formation of tumor pre-metastasis niches.…”

Interrelation between extracellular vesicles miRNAs with chronic lung diseases

“…Integrin glycoprotein has 2 subunits such as alpha (18 types) and beta (8 types). All alpha and beta subunits combinedly 24 cell signaling legends express which leads to organ-specific metastasis (Zhao et al, 2021). In lung cancer bone metastasis (α4β1, αVβ6, αVβ3), liver metastasis (α5β1, α2β1, αVβ5), brain metastasis (αVβ3, αVβ5, αVβ8), and lymph node metastasis (α4β1, αVβ7) are regulated via integrin (Zhao et al, 2021).…”