Exercise Training and Functional Connectivity Changes in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Elders

Chirles, Theresa J.; Reiter, Katherine; Weiss, Lauren R.; Alfini, Alfonso J.; Nielson, Kristy A.; Smith, J. Carson

doi:10.3233/jad-161151

Cited by 125 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Intermittent energy restriction improves cognitive and motor performance, and can protect neurons against dysfunction and degeneration in animal models of epilepsy, stroke, PD, and AD (Bruce-Keller et al, 1999; Duan and Mattson, 1999; Yu and Mattson, 1999; Halagappa et al, 2007; Alirezaei et al, 2010; Fann et al, 2014; Parikh et al, 2016; Prehn et al, 2017). Regular aerobic exercise, which is necessary for the survival of many animals, can also enhance brain health throughout the life course; exercise reduces anxiety and improves cognition in laboratory animals and human subjects (Intlekofer and Cotman, 2013; Boraxbekk et al, 2016; Castellano et al, 2017; Chirles et al, 2017; Raichlen and Alexander, 2017). While fasting and vigorous exercise are different challenges to the body and brain, emerging findings are revealing that they each elicit similar adaptive cellular responses that can enhance neuroplasticity and stress resistance.…”

Section: Metabolic Factors Can Accelerate or Decelerate Brain Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States

2018

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During aging, the cellular milieu of the brain exhibits tell-tale signs of compromised bioenergetics, impaired adaptive neuroplasticity and resilience, aberrant neuronal network activity, dysregulation of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, the accrual of oxidatively modified molecules and organelles, and inflammation. These alterations render the aging brain vulnerable to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and stroke. Emerging findings are revealing mechanisms by which sedentary overindulgent lifestyles accelerate brain aging, whereas lifestyles that include intermittent bioenergetic challenges (exercise, fasting, and intellectual challenges) foster healthy brain aging. Here we provide an overview of the cellular and molecular biology of brain aging, how those processes interface with disease-specific neurodegenerative pathways, and how metabolic states influence brain health.

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Section: Metabolic Factors Can Accelerate or Decelerate Brain Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States

2018

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“…Physical activity extensively impacts mammalian brain function and cognition [119,120,121], as well as protects the brain from the detriments of aging [122]. Animal models that study the effects of physical activity on brain often rely on a voluntary wheel running paradigm.…”

Section: Environmentally Influenced Changes In Myelin Structure and Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

All Wrapped Up: Environmental Effects on Myelination

Forbes

Gallo

2017

Trends in Neurosciences

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Summary To date, studies have demonstrated the dynamic influence of exogenous environmental stimuli on multiple regions of the brain. This environmental influence positively and negatively impacts programs governing myelination, and acts on myelinating oligodendrocyte (OL) cells across the entire human lifespan. Developmentally, environmental manipulation of OL progenitor cells (OPCs) has profound effects on the establishment of functional cognitive, sensory, and motor programs. Furthermore, central nervous system (CNS) myelin remains an adaptive entity in adulthood, sensitive to environmentally induced structural changes. Here, we discuss the role of environmental stimuli on mechanisms governing programs of CNS myelination under normal and pathological conditions. Importantly, we highlight how these extrinsic cues can influence the intrinsic power of myelin plasticity to promote functional recovery.

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“…Increasing exercise engagement is capable of increasing CRF and has also been shown to enhance brain plasticity in animal models [44,45] and in humans [46][47][48][49]. Higher CRF is also associated with better cognitive performance [50][51][52] and resting state functional connectivity [53][54][55][56] in cross-sectional studies and following exercise interventions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness is Associated with Reduced Functional Brain Connectivity During Performance of the Stroop Task

Peven

Litz

Brown

et al. 2019

BPL

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Background: Although higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been linked to better executive function, the mechanisms by which this occurs remain a matter of speculation. One hypothesis is that higher CRF is associated with elevated topdown control in which brain regions processing task-relevant information are up-regulated and brain regions processing task-irrelevant information are down-regulated. Methods: We tested this top-down hypothesis in 50 young adults ( age = 25.22 ± 5.17 years) by measuring CRF via a graded maximal exercise test and performing functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during a color-word Stroop task. We used task-evoked functional connectivity, quantified from a psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI), to test our hypotheses that (a) higher CRF would be associated with greater connectivity between control centers (i.e., prefrontal and parietal areas) and visual feature centers (i.e., occipital areas) that are involved with processing task-relevant stimulus dimensions (i.e., color), and (b) higher CRF would be associated with lower connectivity between control centers and visual feature centers that are involved with processing task-irrelevant dimensions of the stimuli (i.e., word processing areas). Results: Controlling for sex and BMI, we found, consistent with our second hypothesis, that higher CRF was associated with reduced functional connectivity between parietal and occipital areas involved in the task-irrelevant dimension of the task (i.e., word form areas). There were no associations between CRF and functional connectivity with the prefrontal cortex or evidence of heightened connectivity between attentional control and visual feature centers. Conclusions: These results suggest that CRF associations with executive functioning might be explained by CRF-mediated differences between brain regions involved with attentional control (parietal regions) and the down-regulation of regions involved with processing task-irrelevant stimulus features (occipital regions).

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Exercise Training and Functional Connectivity Changes in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Elders

Cited by 125 publications

References 81 publications

Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States

Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States

All Wrapped Up: Environmental Effects on Myelination

Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness is Associated with Reduced Functional Brain Connectivity During Performance of the Stroop Task

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