Exercise and immune function: effect of ageing and nutrition

Pedersen, Bente Klarlund; Bruunsgaard, Helle; Jensen, Marianne; Krzywkowski, Karen; Ostrowski, Kenneth

doi:10.1017/s0029665199000968

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…A recent study showed that 24 h of continuous ultramarathon activity resulted in a higher level of LPS and increased levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines [ 146 ]. In fact, prolonged intense physical exercise leads to elevated concentrations of counter-regulatory hormones in plasma such as cortisol and catecholamines related to low immunity [ 147 ]. In addition, high levels of muscle oxidative stress lead to an excessive production of ROS and inflammation [ 60 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic but not Resistance Exercise Can Induce Inflammatory Pathways via Toll-Like 2 and 4: a Systematic Review

et al. 2017

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BackgroundOnly a few studies have addressed the relationship between toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) and the production of local and systemic cytokines in response to physical exercise, and they have produced conflicting results. We aimed to determine whether acute and chronic exercise outcomes are associated with changes in TLR2 and TLR4 expression and signaling and if so, the mechanisms that connect them.MethodsPubMed database were consulted. This systematic review selected 39 articles, 26 involving humans and 13 based on rodents.ResultsIn acute resistance exercise studies, 75% reported a decrease in TLR4 or TLR2 expression and 25% did not find differences. For chronic resistance exercise studies, 67% reported a reduction of expression and 33% did not find differences. Studies of both types reported reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines. In acute aerobic exercise studies, 40% revealed a decline in the expression of the receptors, 7% reported no significant difference, 40% showed an increase, and 13% did not evaluate their expression. Fifty-eight percent of studies of chronic aerobic exercise revealed a reduction in expression, 17% did not find a difference, and 25% reported increases; they also suggested that the expression of the receptors might be correlated with that of inflammatory cytokines. In studies on combined exercise, 50% reported a decline in receptors expression and 50% did not find a difference.ConclusionsThe majority of the articles (54%) link different types of exercise to a decline in TLR4 and TLR2 expression. However, aerobic exercise may induce inflammations through its influence on these receptor pathways. Higher levels of inflammation were seen in acute sessions (40%) than regular sessions (25%).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic but not Resistance Exercise Can Induce Inflammatory Pathways via Toll-Like 2 and 4: a Systematic Review

et al. 2017

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“…Also, gene polymorphisms ( 32 ) and biological markers ( 33 , 34 ) are suggested to be predictors of prognosis in patients with RCC. Although NLR is easy to measure, conditions such as active infection, inflammatory diseases, smoking behavior or stress at the time of blood collection may affect it ( 35 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio predict malignancy in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy because of renal mass?

et al. 2018

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Purpose:To evaluate the importance of preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) predicting malignancy in patients who undergo partial nephrectomy due to renal mass.Materials and Methods:Seventy nine patients who underwent open partial nephrectomy for renal masses were included in this retrospective study. In preoperative routine blood tests, renal ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography were performed for all patients. Preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio were compared in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (Group1, 65 patients) and benign lesions (Group 2, 14 patients). The predictive ability of NLR was analyzed by ROC curves and Youden Index method was used to identify the cut-off value for NLR.Results:The mean age of patients was 59.8±11.7 years in Group1 and 57.4±12.6 years in Group 2 (p=0.493). The mean tumor size was 3.8±1.2 cm in Group 1 and 3.3±1.0 cm in Group 2 (p=0.07). The median NLR was 2.48 (1.04) in Group 1 and 1.63 (0.96) in Group 2 (p<0.001). The area under a ROC curve was 0.799 (p<0.001).Conclusions:Preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio may predict renal masses that can not be distinguished radiologically. Our results must be confirmed by large and properly designed prospective, randomized trials.

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“…One caveat to consider is that although the NLR is easy to measure, the specificity of this parameter is influenced by several other conditions such as active infection, inflammatory diseases, smoking behaviour or stress at the time of blood collection (Pedersen et al , 1999; Alkhouri et al , 2012). In our opinion, these factors impair the use and generalisability of this marker as a specific predictor of survival in patient cohorts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the pre-treatment neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in a large European cohort of renal cell carcinoma patients

et al. 2013

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Background:The neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been proposed as an indicator of systemic inflammatory response. Several studies suggest a negative impact of increased NLR for patient's survival in different types of cancer. However, previous findings from small-scale studies revealed conflicting results about its prognostic significance with regard to different clinical end points in non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. Therefore, the aim of our study was the validation of the prognostic significance of NLR in a large cohort of RCC patients.Methods:Data from 678 consecutive non-metastatic clear cell RCC patients, operated between 2000 and 2010 at a single centre, were evaluated retrospectively. Cancer-specific, metastasis-free, as well as overall survival (OS) were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method. To evaluate the independent prognostic significance of NLR, multivariate Cox regression models were applied for all three different end points. Influence of the NLR on the predictive accuracy of the Leibovich prognosis score was determined by Harrell's concordance index.Results:Multivariate analysis identified increased NLR as an independent prognostic factor for overall (hazard ratio (HR)=1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.10–2.31, P=0.014), but not for cancer-specific (HR=1.59, 95% CI=0.84–2.99, P=0.148), nor for metastasis-free survival (HR=1.39, 95% CI=0.85–2.28, P=0.184). The estimated concordance index was 0.79 using the Leibovich risk score and 0.81 when NLR was added.Conclusion:Regarding patients' OS, an increased NLR represented an independent risk factor, which might reflect a higher risk for severe cardiovascular and other comorbidities. Adding the NLR to well-established prognostic models such as the Leibovich prognosis score might improve their predictive ability.

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Exercise and immune function: effect of ageing and nutrition

Cited by 20 publications

References 105 publications

Aerobic but not Resistance Exercise Can Induce Inflammatory Pathways via Toll-Like 2 and 4: a Systematic Review

Aerobic but not Resistance Exercise Can Induce Inflammatory Pathways via Toll-Like 2 and 4: a Systematic Review

Can preoperative neutrophil lymphocyte ratio predict malignancy in patients undergoing partial nephrectomy because of renal mass?

Validation of the pre-treatment neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in a large European cohort of renal cell carcinoma patients

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