Executive Functions

Diamond, Adele

doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750

Cited by 9,263 publications

(9,943 citation statements)

References 263 publications

Supporting

180

Mentioning

8,359

Contrasting

Unclassified

654

Order By: Relevance

“…Thought control requires continuous inhibition of the "forbidden" thoughts (Diamond, 2013) and is known to result in a decline in self-control performance on tasks administered after the thought-control task. Participants in the thought-control present condition were asked not to think about a forbidden object (e.g., a white bear) during a 2-3 minute thought-listing task and to press a (bogus) button if they inadvertently happened to think about the forbidden object.…”

Section: Thought Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The propagation of self-control: Self-control in one domain simultaneously improves self-control in other domains.

Tuk¹,

Zhang²,

Sweldens³

2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A rich tradition in self-control research has documented the negative consequences of exerting self-control in one task for self-control performance in subsequent tasks. However, there is a dearth of research examining what happens when people exert self-control in multiple domains simultaneously. The current research aims to fill this gap. We integrate predictions from the most prominent models of self-control with recent neuropsychological insights in the human inhibition system to generate the novel hypothesis that exerting effortful self-control in one task can simultaneously improve self-control in completely unrelated domains. An internal meta-analysis on all 18 studies we conducted shows that exerting self-control in one domain (i.e., controlling attention, food consumption, emotions or thoughts) simultaneously improves self-control in a range of other domains, as demonstrated by, for example, reduced unhealthy food consumption, better Stroop task performance, and less impulsive decision making. A subset of nine studies demonstrates the crucial nature of task timing -when the same tasks are executed sequentially, our results suggest the emergence of an ego depletion effect. We provide conservative estimates of the self-control facilitation (d = |0.22|) as well as the ego depletion effect size (d = |0.17|) free of data selection and publication biases. These results (i) shed new light on self-control theories, (ii) confirm recent claims that previous estimates of the ego depletion effect size were inflated due to publication bias, and (iii) provide a blueprint for how to handle the power issues and associated file drawer problems commonly encountered in multi-study research projects.

show abstract

Section: Thought Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been argued that executive functions lie at the heart of effective self-control exertion Diamond, 2013;.…”

Section: Implications For Executive Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The propagation of self-control: Self-control in one domain simultaneously improves self-control in other domains.

Tuk¹,

Zhang²,

Sweldens³

2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Again, these more established measures often involve simple stimuli, whereas our aim was to induce the need to inhibit processing of a to‐be‐ignored stimulus in a more ecologically valid task setting. Furthermore, the inhibitory control component of executive functions is not thought to involve only response inhibition, but also interference control (i.e., selective attention and cognitive inhibition) (Diamond, 2013; Lehto et al., 2003; Miyake et al., 2000). Our distracted attention task can therefore be argued to tap into inhibitory control processes even though it did not require response suppression in the classical sense, as it involved selective attention to a stimulus while suppressing a to‐be‐ignored stimulus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although evidence suggests that executive functioning can be thought of as a unitary, subordinate system of cognitive control (Niendam et al., 2012), low correlations in task performance between different executive task types imply that executive functions form a collection of at least partly distinguishable top‐down mental processes (Duncan, Johnson, Swales, & Freer, 1997; Shallice & Burgess, 1996). Although varying conceptualizations have been offered regarding the exact nature of executive sub‐processes, most accounts describe three core functions: inhibition (including behavioral inhibition, selective attention and cognitive inhibition), monitoring and updating of working memory representations, and cognitive flexibility or set shifting (e.g., Diamond, 2013; Lehto, Juujärvi, Kooistra, & Pulkkinen, 2003; Miyake et al., 2000). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural activity patterns between different executive tasks are more similar in adulthood than in adolescence

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundAdolescence is a time of ongoing neural maturation and cognitive development, especially regarding executive functions. In the current study, age‐related differences in the neural correlates of different executive functions were tracked by comparing three age groups consisting of adolescents and young adults.MethodsBrain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) from 167 human participants (13‐ to 14‐year‐old middle adolescents, 16‐ to 17‐year‐old late adolescents and 20‐ to 24‐year‐old young adults; 80 female, 87 male) while they performed attention and working memory tasks. The tasks were designed to tap into four putative sub‐processes of executive function: division of attention, inhibition of distractors, working memory, and attention switching.ResultsBehaviorally, our results demonstrated superior task performance in older participants across all task types. When brain activity was examined, young adult participants demonstrated a greater degree of overlap between brain regions recruited by the different executive tasks than adolescent participants. Similarly, functional connectivity between frontoparietal cortical regions was less task specific in the young adult participants than in adolescent participants.ConclusionsTogether, these results demonstrate that the similarity between different executive processes in terms of both neural recruitment and functional connectivity increases with age from middle adolescence to early adulthood, possibly contributing to age‐related behavioral improvements in executive functioning. These developmental changes in brain recruitment may reflect a more homogenous morphological organization between process‐specific neural networks, increased reliance on a more domain‐general network involved in executive processing, or developmental changes in cognitive strategy.

show abstract

“…Toxicological effects of METH have, therefore, longer lasting effects as currently considered and affect the dopaminergic system. This is of tremendous importance, because the dopaminergic system plays a major role in several cognitive processes that are relevant for everyday life situations (Diamond 2013). Of note, it has been hypothesized that METH-induced changes in dopaminergic signaling involve a change in set point for drug reward that may represent an allostatic state contributing to vulnerability to relapse and re-entry into the addiction cycle (Koob 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the necessity of translational cognitive-neurotoxicological research in methamphetamine abuse and addiction

Stock

Beste

2017

Arch Toxicol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

high-risk behaviors, treatment non-adherence, and repeated relapses. This ultimately contributes to maintaining continuous drug-seeking behaviors (Cadet and Bisagno 2015), and thus indirectly enhances all of the toxicological effects of METH abuse. METH is often consumed for its effects which, among others, include increased energy levels and decreases in fatigue, increased psychomotor activity and alertness, anorectic effects, increases in sex drive, and euphoria. Yet, irritability, agitation, risky sexual behaviors, (motor) stereotypies, psychosis, seizures, hyperthermia and other systemic effects are also common acute (side) effects of METH consumption (Panenka et al. 2013;Cadet and Bisagno 2015;Chomchai and Chomchai 2015). Those effects are mainly attributed to increases in both central and peripheral monoaminergic signaling, with strong effects in the noradrenergic (NA) and dopaminergic (DA) systems (5-HT) (Schep et al. 2010;Carvalho et al. 2012). Repeated consumption causes striking and long-lasting dysfunctions in monoaminergic signaling which are characterized by decreases in the levels of monoamines and their metabolites, monoamine transporter-binding sites, lower expression and/or activity of enzymes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of brain monoamine neurotransmitters, and neurodegeneration (especially of dopaminergic nerve terminals) (Carvalho et al. 2012;Halpin et al. 2014). Other indirect acute neuronal effects of METH include the release of glutamate in cortical and subcortical regions as well as glia activation (Rocher and Gardier 2001;Carvalho et al. 2012).While these effects are well known, they have mostly been regarded to affect the consuming individual. In this regard, recent findings in animals by Fujaková-Lipski et al. (2017) have shown transgenerational effects of METH exposure by looking at how neurotoxic effects of METH administered in utero alter various neurotransmitter Keywords Addiction · Methamphetamine · Neurotoxicity · Translational Humans have been consuming stimulants like amphetamine in the form of cathinone (khat) for thousands of years, but since world war two, synthetic amphetamines, especially methamphetamine (METH), have hit many societies in a worldwide surge (Carvalho et al. 2012). Due to its highly addicting properties and the comparatively low cost, the abuse of this psychostimulant has rapidly increased in the last decades and years (Chomchai and Chomchai 2015) so that METH has become one of the most abused substances worldwide (Bernheim et al. 2016). Continued METH consumption does not only have devastating effects on the health and well-being of the addicted individuals, but also affects whole communities and put a considerable strain on healthcare systems (Panenka et al. 2013;Chomchai and Chomchai 2015). In addition, while all forms of METH toxicity are undoubtedly harmful to the affected individual, we think that it is worth to direct special attention to the neurotoxic effects and as the associated neurocognitive impairments (especially deficits in execu...

show abstract

Executive Functions

Cited by 9,263 publications

References 263 publications

The propagation of self-control: Self-control in one domain simultaneously improves self-control in other domains.

The propagation of self-control: Self-control in one domain simultaneously improves self-control in other domains.

Neural activity patterns between different executive tasks are more similar in adulthood than in adolescence

On the necessity of translational cognitive-neurotoxicological research in methamphetamine abuse and addiction

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About