Excellent electrochemical performance of the SiO_x-G/PAA-PANi/Cu as anode materials for lithium-ion battery

Nano-structured silicon and silicon based composites as anode materials for lithium ion batteries: recent progress and perspectives

“…1,8,9,11,12,19 However, graphite exhibits a low theoretical capacity (372 mA h g À1 ) and low volumetric capacity (850 mA h cm À1 ) which cannot meet the present energy requirement for critical applications in electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage. 1,6,8,19,20 To meet the requirements such as much higher energy/power densities and long cycle life, efforts have continued in the selection of anode materials with higher capacity and reasonable cycle life for improving the currently used graphite anode materials. Thus, many anode materials have been explored to improve the battery performance for the next generation of LIBs.…”

“…The operating potential of graphite, which is too close to 0.0 V, would easily cause lithium plating and further formation of lithium dendrites, resulting in serious safety concerns. 4,8,9,12,20,[22][23][24][25] However, there are many challenges that restrict the practical application of Si anodes. The primary one is the massive volume change during full lithiation, which induces severe cracking of Si and pulverization of the Si electrode, thereby reducing the cycle life of the battery.…”

“…Thus, the massive volume change, low electrical conductivity of Si, and unstable solid electrolyte interface formation lead to drastic capacity fading and limited cycle life. 4,8,9,12,20,[22][23][24][25] These limitations still challenge the investigation and commercial development for identication of higher capacity Si anodes for the next generation of LIBs.…”

“…The strategies include structural design, the construction of Si nanostructures and fabrication of Si based composites with matrix compounding with better conductivity to accommodate the volume changes of the Si anode and to wrap Si particles inside, and thus maintain structural stability. 8,12,20,22,23 The other approach to solve the above-mentioned challenges is the use of electrolyte additives and binders. The introduction of appropriate additives is benecial to the formation of thin and stable SEI layers, to reduce the consumption of extra electrolyte during cycling and lead to better cycling stability.…”

“…In addition, polymeric binders have also received much attention, as they are important in maintaining the structural integrity of the Si electrode and stabilizing the electrode-electrolyte interface. 4,8,12,20,23 LIBs generally consist of four main components: cathode, anode, electrolyte comprising lithium salts dissolved in nonaqueous solvents, and separator. While the electrolyte allows Li ions to travel between the two electrodes, a separator keeps the anode and the cathode from coming into direct contact.…”