Examples of X‐Ray–Matter Interaction

Electromagnetic solitons and their stability in relativistic degenerate dense plasmas with two electron species

“…To conclude, it has been observed that relativistic high density degenerate plasmas deviating from thermodynamic equilibrium can appear not only in the context of laser produced plasmas or beam driven plasmas but also in compact astrophysical objects like white dwarf stars, neutron stars (Hau-Riege, 2011;Gibbon, 2005). In these environments, since the system energy flows mostly into the electrons, they may appear either as a group of partially degenerate electrons with high temperature tails or a group of relativistic classical and fully degenerate electrons.…”

“…The motivation for studying a two-temperature electron plasma is due to fact that although there is no direct observational evidence for the existence of two groups of electrons in relativistic degenerate regimes, based on the information available from the theories and some relevant observations, it is expected that such highly relativistic degenerate astrophysical plasmas coexisting with classical relativistic hot electron flow can exist, e.g., during the formation of relativistic jets due to accretion-induced collapsing of white dwarfs into black holes (Begelman et al, 1984;Kryvdyk, 1999;Kryvdyk and Agapitov, 2007). The relativistic dense plasmas where the background distribution of electrons deviates from the thermodynamic equilibrium can also appear in the context of laser produced plasmas or ion beam driven plasmas (Gibbon, 2005;Hau-Riege, 2011). In such cases, the system energy mostly flows into the electrons, thereby generating fully degenerate electrons with long tails or partially degenerate electrons with high temperature tails, and allowing the division of background electrons with two different temperatures.…”

Wave-particle interactions in quantum plasmas

“…We consider the propagation of electrostatic waves in a non-relativistic, collisionless and unmagnetized quantum plasma. The basic equations for the electron dynamics are the Wigner-Moyal equation (18) and the Poisson equation (19). In order to obtain the linear dispersion relation for such waves, we linearize Eqs.…”

“…Here, we study those for low-frequency electron-acoustic waves (EAWs) in a partially degenerate plasma with two-temperature electrons and stationary ions. Such partially degenerate plasmas where the background distribution of electrons deviate from thermodynamic equilibrium can appear in the context of laser produced plasmas or ion-beam driven plasmas [18,19]. Similar to the previous cases our starting point is the Wigner-Moyal and the Poisson system [Eqs.…”

“…Similar to the previous cases our starting point is the Wigner-Moyal and the Poisson system [Eqs. (18) and (19)] which are rewritten for α-species electrons as…”