EVs vs. EVs: MSCs and Tregs as a source of invisible possibilities

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by various cells and exist in most biological fluids. They play an important role in cell–cell signaling, immune response, and tumor metastasis, and also have theranostic potential. They deliver many functional biomolecules, including DNA, microRNAs (miRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), lipids, and proteins, thus affecting different physiological processes in target cells. Decreased immunogenicity compared to liposomes or viral vectors and the ability to cross through physiological barriers such as the blood–brain barrier make them an attractive and innovative option as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic carriers. Here, we highlighted two types of cells that can produce functional EVs, namely, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), discussing MSC/Treg-derived EV-based therapies for some specific diseases including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), autoimmune diseases, and cancer.

Proteomics Approaches for the Discovery of Potential Enzymatic Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

“…The functional enrichment analysis of the selected 106 proteins (Table S2) revealed many enriched terms, including cell-cell signaling (Table S3) and DNA repair. EVs are known to play an important role in mediating cell-cell signaling, immune response, and tumor metastasis [25]. Additionally, altered DNA repair systems are often related to an increase in the cancer rate [26].…”

Exosomes for angiogenesis induction in ischemic disorders

“…Exosomes are a subgroup of EVs with an average size of 30-150 nm. [17][18][19] Exosomes are considered longrange intercellular communication tools that transfer various molecules including proteins, DNA, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), message RNAs (mRNAs) and microRNAs (miRs) to the recipient cells.…”

“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs), main agents in cellular paracrine activity, are micro‐ and nano‐sized vesicles which contain bioactive agents and are released by roughly all cells through fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane and subsequent release to the intracellular space. Exosomes are a subgroup of EVs with an average size of 30–150 nm 17–19 . Exosomes are considered long‐range intercellular communication tools that transfer various molecules including proteins, DNA, long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), message RNAs (mRNAs) and microRNAs (miRs) to the recipient cells.…”

Dual impacts of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on cancer cells: unravelling complex interactions

“…EVs take roles in a variety of physiological activities, helping to maintain tissue homeostasis and general wellness by facilitating the transfer of biological information between cells (Yuan et al 2023). EVs have an impact on several critical processes, including (1) cell-to-cell communication (2) immune regulation (Heydari, et al 2023) (3) tissue regeneration (Wakker et al 2023) (4) metabolic regulation (Yáñez-Mó et al 2015;Huang, et al 2023). EVs are not only engaged in normal physiological processes, but they also play crucial roles in a variety of pathological disorders.…”