Evolutionary relationships within the fungi: Analyses of nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences

The 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences were determined for two anamorphic basidiomycetous yeasts, Rhodotorula lactosa and R. minuta. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method using ascomycetous yeasts as an outgroup. The p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) requiring species, R. lactosa, R. minuta, Erythrobasidium hasegawianum, and Rhodosporidium dacryoidum formed an independent lineage with 100% bootstrap confidence level in the basidiomycetous yeasts lacking xylose. In contrast, R. glutinis, the type species of Rhodotorula, showed a close relationship to Rhodosporidium toruloides and other non-PABA requiring basidiomycetous yeasts that lack xylose in the cell. The molecular phylogeny from this study showed the heterogeneity of the genus Rhodotorula, and suggested the taxonomic importance of PABA requirement in Rhodotorula and related taxa.The anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast genus Rhodotorula has been characterized by the production of carotenoid pigments and the lack of ballistoconidia and stalked conidia. Some species include homothallic or heterothallic stages of the genus Rhodosporidium. Eight species were accepted in "The Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study" (9). Later, Weijman et al. (20) transferred 12 species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Torulopsis, including non-carotenoid pigment producing species, to the genus Rhodotorula on the basis of the lamellar cell wall, DBB test, urease activity, and carbohydrate composition of the cell walls.

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“…1. The results show good agreement with the trees reported previously on basidiomycete evolution (2,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)21).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Phylogenetic study of the anamorphic basidiomycetous yeasts Rhodotorula lactosa and R. minuta, and related taxa based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequences.

Suh¹,

Takashima

Nakase

1996

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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“…Several nSSU rDNA studies have suggested that the Glomales evolved separately from other basal fungal orders, and that it was related to even higher fungi (Bruns et al, 1992;Gehrig et al, 1996;Jensen et al, 1998;Nagahama et al, 1995;Schüßler et al, 2001). From these results, Schüßler et al (2001) revised the higher-level taxonomy of the Glomales: the Glomales (sensu Morton and Benny, 1990) was elevated to the new phylum Glomeromycota, and the four orders, the Archaeosporales, Diversisporales, Glomerales, and Paraglomales were revised or newly erected within the Glomeromycota.…”

Section: Relationships Within Zygomycotamentioning

confidence: 93%

Evolutionary relationships among basal fungi (Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota): Insights from molecular phylogenetics

Tanabe

Watanabe

Sugiyama³

2005

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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Evolutionary relationships of the two basal fungal phyla Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota are reviewed in light of recent molecular phylogenetic investigation based on rDNA (nSSU, nLSU rDNA), entire mitochondrial genomes, and nuclear protein coding gene sequences (e.g., EF-1a a, RPB1). Accumulated molecular evidence strongly suggests that the two basal fungal phyla are not monophyletic. For example, the chytridiomycete order Blastocladiales appears to be closely related to the zygomycete order Entomophthorales. Within the Zygomycota, a monophyletic clade, consisting of the Dimargaritales, Harpellales, and Kickxellales, which is characterized by a shared unique septal ultrastructure, was identified. Moreover, evidence for the exclusion of zygomycete orders Amoebidiales and Eccrinales from the Fungi, and their placement at the Animal-Fungi boundary has been clearly documented. Microsporidia, a group of amitochondriate organisms currently under intensive study, is not supported as derived within the Fungi, but a fungal affinity cannot be ruled out. Taking these molecular phylogenetic studies into account, we proposed a hypothetical evolutionary framework of basal fungi.Key Words-Chytridiomycota; Fungi; Microsporidia; molecular phylogeny; nSSU rDNA; RPB1; Zygomycota J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 51, 267-276 (2005) Invited Review * Present address, and address reprint requests to: Dr. Junta Sugiyama, TechnoSuruga Co., Ltd. (formerly NCIMB Japan), Tokyo Office, Ogawamachi Kita Bldg. 4F, 1-8-3 Kanda Ogawamachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan. E-mail: jsugiyam@tecsrg.co.jp basal fungal phyla as suggested by accumulating molecular phylogenetic studies, especially emphasizing supra-ordinal relationships. Non-monophyletic nature of ChytridiomycotaCurrently, the Chytridiomycota contains five orders: the Blastocladiales, Chytridiales, Neocallimastigales, Monoblepharidales, and Spizellomycetales (Hawksworth et al., 1995). This classification scheme is based primarily on zoospore ultrastructure (Barr, 1990). Results of molecular phylogenetic analyses of rDNA sequences suggest that the Spizellomycetales, Neocallimastigales, and Monoblepharidales are monophyletic (James et al., 2000;Li and Heath, 1992), supporting the validity of the proposed chytrid higher-level taxonomy. The Chytridiales, however, appears to be polyphyletic as are some chytrid genera (e.g., Rhizophydium; James et al., 2000). rDNA analyses, however, have not resolved the interordinal relationships of the Chytridiomycota, which might be due to the lack of phylogenetic signal within rDNA sequences (James et al., 2000). Although taxon sampling has been limited, analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences has provided a clearer framework of chytridiomycete phylogeny. This analysis suggests that the Monoblepharidales branched earlier than a well-supported Chytridiales-Spizellomycetales lineage (Bullerwell et al., 2003a). In the mtDNA analysis, the phylogenetic position of the Blastocladiales is not statistically re- Barr (1980) a This classification sche...

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“…It is common practice in molecular systematics to exclude ambiguous blocks of data, with the correct intention of examining only homologous characters (e.g., Bruns et al, 1992;Turbeville et al, 1992;Berbee, 1996;Springer, 1997;Lutzoni, 1995;Hoofer and Van Den Bussche, 2001;Van Den Bussche and Hoofer, 2001). This conservative approach clearly is preferred over the opposite extreme of including all sites with gaps coded as a fifth character state, but the question remains of how to delimit potential ambiguous characters objectively.…”

Section: Appendix III Methods Of Inferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Phylogenetics of the Chiropteran Family Vespertilionidae

Hoofer

Bussche

2003

Acta Chiropterologica

189

168

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Evolutionary relationships within the fungi: Analyses of nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences

Cited by 297 publications

References 24 publications

Phylogenetic study of the anamorphic basidiomycetous yeasts Rhodotorula lactosa and R. minuta, and related taxa based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequences.

Phylogenetic study of the anamorphic basidiomycetous yeasts Rhodotorula lactosa and R. minuta, and related taxa based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequences.

Evolutionary relationships among basal fungi (Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota): Insights from molecular phylogenetics

Molecular Phylogenetics of the Chiropteran Family Vespertilionidae

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