Evolution of the off-fault deformation of strike-slip faults in a sand-box experiment

Visage, Sarah; Souloumiac, Pauline; Cubas, Nadaya; Maillot, Bertrand; Antoine, Solène; Delorme, Arthur; Klinger, Y.

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229704

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…2c). This value was determined manually and is very close to the value determined in analogue experiment 55 and to what can be derived from strain fields 23,56,57 .…”

Section: Fault Trace Fault Width and Fault Offsetssupporting

confidence: 78%

High-resolution co-seismic fault offsets of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake ruptures using satellite imagery

Provost,

Karabacak,

Malet

et al. 2023

Preprint

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On February 6, 2023, southern Türkiye was hit by two major earthquakes at 01:17 UTC (Mw=7.8, Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş) and at 10:30 UTC (Mw=7.6, Elbistan, Kahramanmaraş) leading to severe damages at the complex junction of the Dead Sea Fault (DSF), the Cyprus arc and the East Anatolian fault zone (EAFZ). The ruptures propagated along several known strands of the southwestern termination of the EAFZ, the main Pazarcık and Karasu valley faults and the Çardac-Sürgü fault. Here, we present the high-resolution mapping of the entire coseismic surface rupture and an estimation of the rupture width, the total and on-fault offset, and of the diffuse deformation obtained a few days after the two mainshocks. The mapping is derived from image correlation of optical Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and is validated with offset measurements collected on the ground. We found that the ruptures extend over lengths of 310 km and 140 km for the Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6 mainshocks, respectively. The maximum offsets reach 7.5 ± 0.8 m and 8.7 ± 0.8 m, near the epicenters of the Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6, respectively. We propose a segmentation of the two ruptures based on these observations, and further discuss the location of potential supershear rupture. The use of optical image correlation complemented by field investigations along earthquake faults provides new insights into the seismic hazard assessment.

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“…2c). This value was determined manually and is very close to the value determined in analogue experiment 55 and to what can be derived from strain fields 23,56,57 .…”

Section: Fault Trace Fault Width and Fault Offsetssupporting

confidence: 78%

High-resolution co-seismic fault offsets of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake ruptures using satellite imagery

Provost,

Karabacak,

Malet

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Such increase in ∇d ̅̅̅̅ in the localized deformation regions do not lead to significant changes in the FZW, showing the ability of the localized deformation to concentrate large amounts of deformation within confined regions, hence representing a highly energy-efficient deformation regime. Such comparison between a natural rupture and crystalline rock samples being deformed in the laboratory, is also supported by other deformation experiments in granular porous medium (Aben et al, 2017;Baud et al, 2000;Cilona et al, 2012;Fossen et al, 2007;Visage et al, 2023), as well as field observations (Aubert et al, 2020;Cilona et al, 2012;Micarelli et al, 2006), strengthening our previous interpretations. In the case of the 2021 Maduo rupture, indeed, lithology consists in granular porous carbonate rocks overlaid with unconsolidated quaternary sediments at some locations (Ren et al, 2021;Yuan et al, 2022), which differ from the crystalline nature of the rock used in the experiments described previously.…”

supporting

confidence: 85%

“…Added to the lowpressure conditions of the shallow crust and interactions with the free-surface, plastic deformation processes can differ from that described previously. In this case, shear and/or dilatation deformation bands (Aben et al, 2017;Aubert et al, 2020;Fossen et al, 2007;Micarelli et al, 2006;Visage et al, 2023), and possibly viscous cataclastic flow (Baud et al, 2000;Cilona et al, 2012) have been suggested as the primarily plastic deformation mechanisms, in addition to the microfracturing occurring in the most consolidated, e.g., cemented and/or healed, regions (Micarelli et al, 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of kilometer-wide shallow bulk plastic yielding along the 2021 Maduo, Tibet, surface rupture, and its relation with the dynamic rupture process

Antoine,

Liu,

Delorme

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Surface deformation associated with continental earthquake ruptures includes localized deformation on the faults, as well as deformation in the surrounding medium though distributed and/or diffuse processes. However, the connection of the diffuse part of the surface deformation to the overall rupture process, as well as its underlying physical mechanisms are not yet well understood. Computing high-resolution optical image correlations for the 2021/05/21 Mw7.4 Maduo, Tibet, rupture, we highlight a correlation between the presence of faults and fractures at the surface, and variations in the across-fault displacement gradient, fault zone width, and amplitude of surface displacement. We show that surface slip along primary faults is systematically associated with gradients greater than 1%, and is dominant in regions of greater coseismic surface displacement. Conversely, the diffuse deformation is associated with gradients ≤0.3%, and is dominant in regions of lesser surface displacement. The distributed deformation then occurs for intermediate gradients of 0.3-1%, and at the transition between the localized and diffuse deformation regions. Such patterns of deformation are also described in laboratory experiments of rock deformation, themself supported by field observations. Comparing these experiments to our observations, we demonstrate that the diffuse deformation along the 2021 Maduo rupture corresponds to kilometer-wide plastic yielding of the bulk medium occurring in regions where surface rupture is generally missing. Along the 2021 Maduo rupture, diffuse deformation occurs primarily in the epicentral region, where the dynamic stresses associated with the nascent pulse-like rupture could not overcome the shallow fault zone frictional strength.

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“…Specifically, structurally immature fault zones have lower percentage of the total surface deformation during earthquakes ruptures than mature faults. The correlation of the off-fault deformation and the geometric complexities (i.e., maturity) of faults has also been supported by laboratory studies through experiments (Hatem et al, 2017;Visage et al, 2023). In addition, earthquake location with high resolution that defines the aftershock distribution at depth can be a useful tool in analyzing the evolution of the fault damage zone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Seismological Indicators of Geologically Inferred Fault Maturity

Guo,

Lay,

Brodsky

2023

JGR Solid Earth

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Variations in fault zone maturity have intermittently been invoked to explain variations in some seismological observations for large earthquakes. However, the lack of a unified geological definition of fault maturity makes quantitative assessment of its importance difficult. We evaluate the degree of empirical correlation between geological and geometric measurements commonly invoked as indicative of fault zone maturity and remotely measured seismological source parameters of 34 MW ≥ 6.0 shallow strike‐slip events. Metrics based on surface rupture segmentation, such as number of segments and surface rupture azimuth changes, correlate best with seismic source attributes while the correlations with cumulative fault slip are weaker. Average rupture velocity shows the strongest correlation with metrics of maturity, followed by relative aftershock productivity. Mature faults have relatively lower aftershock productivity and higher rupture velocity. A more complex relation is found with moment‐scaled radiated energy. There appears to be distinct behavior of very immature events which radiate modest seismic energy, while intermediate mature faults have events with higher moment‐scaled radiated energy and very mature faults with increasing cumulative slip tend to have events with reduced moment‐scaled radiated energy. These empirical comparisons establish that there are relationships between remote seismological observations and fault system maturity that can help to understand variations in seismic hazard among different fault environments and to assess the relative maturity of inaccessible or blind fault systems for which direct observations of maturity are very limited.

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Evolution of the off-fault deformation of strike-slip faults in a sand-box experiment

Cited by 10 publications

References 45 publications

High-resolution co-seismic fault offsets of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake ruptures using satellite imagery

High-resolution co-seismic fault offsets of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake ruptures using satellite imagery

Evidence of kilometer-wide shallow bulk plastic yielding along the 2021 Maduo, Tibet, surface rupture, and its relation with the dynamic rupture process

Seismological Indicators of Geologically Inferred Fault Maturity

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