Evolution of the 14-3-3 gene family in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous and validation of MdGRF13  function in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract

The 14-3-3 are highly conserved regulatory proteins found in eukaryotes and play an essential role in plant growth, development and response to stress. However, the evolution of the 14-3-3 gene family in monocotyledons and dicotyledons and the biological functions of the MdGRF13 in abiotic stress remain unknown. In our study, a total of 195 members of the 14-3-3 family were identified from 12 species and divided into ε group and the Non-ε group. Synteny analysis within the 14-3-3 family indicated that segmental duplication events contributed to the expansion of its family. Selective pressure analysis indicated that purifying selection was a vital force in the evolution of 14-3-3 genes, and monocotyledons were found to have lower million years ago (Mya) mean values than dicotyledons. Meanwhile, monocotyledons have a higher codon adaptation index (CAI) and frequency of optical codons (FOP) and a lower effective number of codons (NC) of 14-3-3 genes compared to dicotyledons. Moreover, the yeast two-hybrid demonstrated that MdGRF13 interacts with MdRD22, MdLHP1a and MdMORF1. Significantly, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and relative electrolyte leakage were decreased, whiles the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were increased in transgenic Arabidopsis than wild type under drought and salt stress. This shows that overexpression of MdGRF13 significantly improved the drought and salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis. These results provide a theoretical basis for exploring the evolution of the 14-3-3 gene family in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous and exploring the function of its family.

Multi-dimensional demarcation of phylogenetic groups of plant 14-3-3 isoforms using biochemical signatures

“…Structural data nicely rationalize these effects and suggest that a combination of residues found in P1 and P2 can robustly predict affiliation of a given 14-3-3 isoform to either phylogenetic group, which is especially useful for poorly described plant isoforms. The widely used traditional phylogenetic analysis based on entire 14-3-3 sequences (Liang et al, 2023;Zuo et al, 2021;Jia et al, 2022;Chang et al, 2020;Tian et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2022;Cao and Yan, 2016;Ren et al, 2023) is rather weak on its own, particularly for evolutionarily distant species, for which it provides controversial and unreliable results. For example, Lycophyte Selaginella has been reported to contain either only epsilon-group or both epsilon and non-epsilon group isoforms (Cao and Yan, 2016;Zhang et al, 2022), whereas the combination of residues occupying P1 and P2 positions robustly demarcate two epsilon and two non-epsilon isoforms in this plant.…”

“…This "Arabidopsis-based" classification with the Greek letter designations is frequently applied to orthologous proteins in other plant species (Mikhaylova et al, 2021;Hernández-Domínguez et al, 2019). The total number of 14-3-3 isoforms vary between plant species, e.g., from 5 in strawberry (Fragaria vesca) (Mikhaylova et al, 2021), 8 in rice (Oryza sativa) (Yao et al, 2007), 13 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (Jia et al, 2022), 18 in soybean (Glycine max) (Li and Dhaubhadel, 2011), 26 in tea (Camellia sinensis) (Zhang et al, 2022), to 36 in apple (Malus domestica) (Ren et al, 2023). Similar to other plant genes, the 14-3-3 diversity in plants is a result of segmental and whole genome duplications, accompanying plant genomes through evolution (Landis et al, 2018;Carretero-Paulet and Fares, 2012;Cao and Yan, 2016;Zuo et al, 2021;Ren et al, 2023).…”

The asymmetric expression of plasma membrane H+‐ATPase family genes in response to pulvinus‐driven leaf phototropism movement in Vitis vinifera

“…The amino acid sequences of the 55 VvHAs proteins were downloaded from Phytozome v13 (https://phytozomenext.jgi.doe.gov/info/Vvinifera_v2_1) (Ren et al, 2023). Additionally, 10 HAs amino acid sequences of Oryza sativa ( Os ), and 3 HAs amino acid sequences of Solanum lycopersicum L ( SI ) were downloaded from NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) (Sayers et al, 2022).…”

Molecular evolution and interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with H+-ATPases in plant abiotic stresses

“…Besides, most barley and rice 14-3-3s were located in the non-epsilon group (Ren et al, 2023;Wang et al, 2023c), and only one barley (Hv14-3-3F) (Mikhaylova et al, 2021) and two rice (OsGF14H/G) (Tian et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2023c) isoform were located in epsilon group (Fig. 1A).…”

“…Furthermore, overexpression of the wheat TaGF14b in tobacco confers salt/drought tolerance by regulating ABA signaling pathway (Zhang et al, 2018). Overexpression of apple MdGRF11 (Ren et al, 2019) and MdGRF13 (Ren et al, 2023) in A. thaliana display enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stress, which could due to stressresponsive proteins and antioxidant enzyme activities. Interestingly, the interaction between 14-3-3 and CPK is participated to salt/heat stresses (Fig.…”