Evolution of HIV-1 in India

Seth, Pradeep

doi:10.1007/s13337-010-0001-4

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In the present study, all the samples were found to be HIV-1, subtype C. This fact was corroborated by previous studies conducted in India 13 14 , which reported that the most common subtype of HIV-1 in Indian subcontinent was subtype C 15 . In the present study, of the 400 HIV positive, treatment naive HRGs, 16 per cent were found to be recently infected within the past four months.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Immunological markers for identifying recent HIV infection in North-West India

et al. 2020

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Background & objectives : Being more efficient and widely used, limiting antigen (LAg)-avidity enzyme immunoassay (EIA) based on the recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) has been developed for differentiating recent and established HIV-1 infection. So far, LAg-avidity EIA has not been validated among the Indian population. Hence, the present study was planned to identify recent HIV infections in high risk patients in the North-West region of India using modified LAg-avidity RITA. Methods : Four hundred HIV-positive high risk patients registered on pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) programme in the last one year, from five ART centres in North-Western States of India, were included for identifying the recent HIV infections. One hundred HIV-positive cases registered for pre-ART for greater than two years in ART centres were included for estimating false recent rate (FRR). Single-well LAg-avidity EIA-based modified RITA was used to identify recent HIV infection cases. Results : Of the 400 HIV-1-positive samples, 64 (16%) were found to have been infected within the past 130 days. The proportion of recent HIV infections was 16.8 per cent (18/107) among female sex workers, 10.7 per cent (9/84) among men who have sex with men and 17.7 per cent (37/209) among injecting drug users. The FRR was one per cent (1/100). Interpretation & conclusions : LAg-avidity EIA-based modified RITA provided good discrimination between recent and non-recent HIV infection, hence, it could be considered suitable for estimating HIV incidence in sentinel surveillance system in India.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Immunological markers for identifying recent HIV infection in North-West India

et al. 2020

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“…The predominant HIV strain in India is group M subtype C (Seth, ). Although small molecule inhibitor therapies have been successfully used, they are geared for subtype B, and mutations leading to drug resistance have required development of new line of molecules (Toor et al , ).…”

Section: Efforts To Limit Tti Through Blood Screening In Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfusion transmitted infections in thalassaemics: need for reappraisal of blood screening strategy in India

Shyamala

2014

Transfusion Medicine

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The aim of the study was to assess the blood safety in India through prevalence in thalassaemic population. Safety of the blood supply is a subject of great concern for all recipients. This review attempts to assess the relevance and format of tests for viruses in the context of transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) prevalence in India. Serological marker testing for human immunodeficiency virus-1/2 (HIV-1/2), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is mandatory in India. Numerous TTI incidents in the repeat recipients supported by results from nucleic acid technology (NAT) testing indicate the deficiencies in blood safety. The β-thalassaemic population (3-17%) in India has been used to reflect on blood safety. The prevalence of HIV-1/2, HCV and HBV in the Indian donor population, the limitations in accessing safe donors, quality of serological tests and the impact on repeat recipients is evaluated. The reports point to prevalence of ˜2% of viral diseases in the blood donor population, and the insufficiency of serology testing resulting in up to 45% TTIs in thalassaemics. The revelation by individual donation (ID) NAT testing, of 1 per 310 units being serology negative-NAT reactive is alarming. Extrapolating the serology negative NAT reactive yields, for an annual blood supply of 7.9 million units, 23,700 units or nearly 100,000 blood components are likely to be infectious. Though the cost for ID-NAT testing is considered unaffordable for a medium development country such as India, the enormity of TTIs will place an unmanageable cost burden on the society.

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“…The analyses that have been undertaken to date are based on B clade cohorts in Japan, where the HLA-B*52:01 is relatively prevalent (8)(9)(10)(11). In the current study, we focus on a North Indian population in which HLA-B*52:01 is expressed in more than 20% of subjects (http://www.allelefrequencies.net/) and where the C clade is the predominant subtype (12). To date there have been very few studies investigating the impact of HLA on HIV in India, which has the world's third-highest burden, with 2.7 million infections (12).…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of HLA-B*52:01-Driven Escape Mutations on Viral Replicative Capacity

Tsai

Singh

Adland

et al. 2020

J Virol

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HLA-B*52:01 is strongly associated with protection against HIV disease progression. However, the mechanisms of HLA-B*52:01-mediated immune control have not been well studied. We here describe a cohort with a majority of HIV C-clade-infected individuals from Delhi, India, where HLA-B*52:01 is highly prevalent (phenotypic frequency, 22.5%). Consistent with studies of other cohorts, expression of HLA-B*52:01 was associated with high absolute CD4 counts and therefore a lack of HIV disease progression. We here examined the impact of HLA-B*52:01-associated viral polymorphisms within the immunodominant C clade Gag epitope RMTSPVSI (here, RI8; Gag residues 275 to 282) on viral replicative capacity (VRC) since HLA-mediated reduction in VRC is a central mechanism implicated in HLA-associated control of HIV. We observed in HLA-B*52:01-positive individuals a higher frequency of V280T, V280S, and V280A variants within RI8 (P = 0.0001). Each of these variants reduced viral replicative capacity in C clade viruses, particularly the V280A variant (P < 0.0001 in both the C clade consensus and in the Indian study cohort consensus p24 Gag backbone), which was also associated with significantly higher absolute CD4 counts in the donors (median, 941.5 cells/mm3; P = 0.004). A second HLA-B*52:01-associated mutation, K286R, flanking HLA-B*52:01-RI8, was also analyzed. Although selected in HLA-B*52:01-positive subjects often in combination with the V280X variants, this mutation did not act as a compensatory mutant but, indeed, further reduced VRC. These data are therefore consistent with previous work showing that HLA-B molecules that are associated with immune control of HIV principally target conserved epitopes within the capsid protein, escape from which results in a significant reduction in VRC. IMPORTANCE Few studies have addressed the mechanisms of immune control in HIV-infected subjects in India, where an estimated 2.7 million people are living with HIV. We focus here on a study cohort in Delhi on one of the most prevalent HLA-B alleles, HLA-B*52:01, present in 22.5% of infected individuals. HLA-B*52:01 has consistently been shown in other cohorts to be associated with protection against HIV disease progression, but studies have been limited by the low prevalence of this allele in North America and Europe. Among the C-clade-infected individuals, we show that HLA-B*52:01 is the most protective of all the HLA-B alleles expressed in the Indian cohort and is associated with the highest absolute CD4 counts. Further, we show that the mechanism by which HLA-B*52:01 mediates immune protection is, at least in part, related to the inability of HIV to evade the HLA-B*52:01-restricted p24 Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell response without incurring a significant loss to viral replicative capacity.

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Evolution of HIV-1 in India

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Immunological markers for identifying recent HIV infection in North-West India

Immunological markers for identifying recent HIV infection in North-West India

Transfusion transmitted infections in thalassaemics: need for reappraisal of blood screening strategy in India

Impact of HLA-B*52:01-Driven Escape Mutations on Viral Replicative Capacity

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