Evolution of cooperation under the influence of environments on individual-performed interactions

Abstract

Traditionally, individual intensities to perform games are always assumed to be fixed in networks (e.g. to depend on the number of their neighbors). However, to increase their own fitness or payoffs, individuals may adjust their intensities in reaction to external environment changes in real scenarios. With this motivation, we have studied this adjustment by considering the average payoff of individual neighbors to be the network environment in a spatial prisoner’s dilemma game. An individual will unilaterally increase (decrease) its intensity to perform games between itself and its neighbors when its payoff is greater than or equal to (lower than) the average payoff of its neighbors. Compared with the normal situation, we find that individual cooperation is significantly facilitated either on the cooperator fraction or the effective cooperation fraction when the environment-induced intensity adjustment is considered, and the value of intensity adjustment per time has a positive influence on the maintenance of cooperation. Evolution snapshots and a formulated typical schematic are used to explain the results. We find that cooperation behaviors are enhanced because of the existence of defectors with lower intensities who are near the boundaries between cooperator and defector clusters. Finally, the promotion is also validated in random networks. We hope that our results may shed light on a greater understanding of the role of individual adaptive behaviors in reaction to network environments in the maintenance of cooperation in societies.

Benefit community promotes evolution of cooperation in prisoners’ dilemma game*

“…In addition, five rules for the evolution of cooperation which are kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection, were reviewed by Nowak [35] in 2006, interpreting the emergence and maintenance of cooperation in social dilemma. Furthermore, a large amount of mechanisms facilitating cooperative behaviors have been proposed in recent years' studies, such as reputation, [36][37][38][39] social norms, [40][41][42][43][44][45] rewards, [46][47][48][49][50] and punishments, [51][52][53][54] teaching ability, [55] environment, [56][57][58] aspiration, [59,60] memory, [61,62] interference of noise, [63] selfinteraction, [64] external forcing, [65] decoy effect, [66] to name but a few.…”