Evolution of Concepts of Environmental Natural Nonliving Organic Matter

Hayes, M.H.B.

doi:10.1002/9780470494950.ch1

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…Conventionally, diapiric formation has been explained solely on the basis of soil physical perspectives such as unstable bulk density and viscosity (Muller et al, ; Swanson et al, ). We have previously shown that SOC was 7% higher in diapiric compared to nondiapiric frost boils (Muller et al, ); here we confirmed our vis‐NIR classifications and demonstrated that diapiric frost boils increased polysaccharides, which could increase soil viscosity (Hayes, ). This alteration of SOC composition may be related to microbes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Normalized absorbance was greater in diapiric than nondiapiric frost boils at 1,158, 1,100, and 1,033 cm −1 ( p < 0.01). Absorbances at 1,158, 1,100, and 1,033 cm −1 can be attributed to polysaccharides or chemically similar compounds such as carbohydrates (Ernakovich et al, ; Tatzber et al, ), which are highly viscous (Hayes, ). In the granitic desert, the normalized absorbance at 1,646, 1,100, and 1,033 cm −1 was greater in diapiric than nondiapiric frost boils ( p < 0.01).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ATR‐FTIR bands indicating polysaccharides had higher absorbance in diapiric versus nondiapiric frost boils within both deserts (dolomitic: 1,158, 1,100, and 1,033 cm −1 ; granitic: 1,100 and 1,033 cm −1 within the granitic desert) although the band near 1,158 cm −1 had lower absorbance in diapiric compared to nondiapiric frost boils within the granitic desert. Polysaccharides are a binding agent in soil aggregation (Calderón et al, ) and increase soil viscosity (Hayes, ). As Swanson et al () showed, the enriched polysaccharides may increase the viscosity of soil and then the underlying soil material may intrude into the overlying layer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Could Cryoturbic Diapirs Be Key for Understanding Ecological Feedbacks to Climate Change in High Arctic Polar Deserts?

et al. 2020

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High Arctic polar deserts cover 26% of the Arctic. Increasing temperatures are predicted to significantly alter polar desert freeze‐thaw and biogeochemical cycles, with important implications for greenhouse gas emissions. However, the mechanisms underlying these changing cycles are still highly uncertain. Cryoturbic, carbon‐rich Bhy horizons (diapirs) in frost boils are key nutrient sources for Salix arctica. We hypothesized that diapirism leads to organic carbon characteristics that alter microbial pathways, which then control root foraging and greenhouse gas production. During July and August 2013, we characterized soil properties and examined gross nitrogen transformation rates in frost boils both with and without diapirs in two High Arctic polar deserts (dolomite and granite) near Alexandra Fjord (78°51′N 75°54′W), Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. Diapiric frost boils had 18% higher soil organic carbon in the dolomitic and 9% higher in the granitic deserts, and 29% higher total dissolved nitrogen in the dolomitic desert. However, diapirs decreased gross nitrogen mineralization rates by 30% in the dolomitic and by 48% in the granitic deserts. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed mid‐infrared spectroscopy revealed greater concentrations of polysaccharides and recalcitrant carbon in diapiric versus nondiapiric frost boils. These increased polysaccharide concentrations likely facilitate diapirism as soil viscosity increases with polysaccharides. Lower microbial activity or ectomycorrhizae that are known to colonize S. arctica may accumulate total dissolved nitrogen in diapirs. Our results suggest geomorphologic‐plant‐microbe interactions may underlie important patterns of geochemical cycling in arctic systems. Thus, polar desert frost boils should represent a key focus of future investigations of climate change in arctic systems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Could Cryoturbic Diapirs Be Key for Understanding Ecological Feedbacks to Climate Change in High Arctic Polar Deserts?

et al. 2020

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“…The process of HA formation, also called humification, involves various microorganismdominated biological and biochemical processes (Hayes et al, 2009;Mylotte et al, 2016). To date, different hypotheses, including lignin-protein theory, polyphenol theory, and sugar-amine condensation theory, have been used to explain the humification (Tan, 2014;Wu et al, 2017;Gao et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of genuine humic acid evolution and its dynamic interaction with methane production in anaerobic digestion processes

Wang

Muhmood

Lyu

et al. 2021

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Humic acid (HA), a byproduct formed during the biological conversion of organic matter into biogas in the anaerobic digestion (AD) process, contains complex structures and redox functions. However, the evolution mechanism of HA and its interaction with CH4 production during the AD process have not been fully explored, particularly with respect to various substrates and temperature conditions. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of the structure and function of genuine HA that naturally formed in the AD processes of chicken manure and corn stover under mesophilic (37 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) conditions. The results demonstrated that the HA evolution mechanisms in AD of chicken manure and corn stover have different pathways. The AD of core stover showed higher degree of aromaticity (41.2-66.7% and 45.3-68.4% for mesophilic and thermophilic respectively) and humification index (1.5-4.2 and 2.8-4.5 for mesophilic and thermophilic respectively) than those (28.3-45.3% and 30.2-54.5% of aromaticity and 0.6-1.2 and 1.3-3.7 of humification index) in AD of chicken manure. The

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“…The process through which HS is formed is often called humification and mainly involves microorganism-dominated biological and biochemical processes and abiotic chemical reactions. , Many different speculations, including lingo-protein theory, phenol-protein theory, micellar hypothesis of Wershaw, supramolecular concept of Piccolo, humo-nanotube-membrane hypothesis, and sugar-amine condensation theory, have been used to explain humification . Each theory has three common stages: (i) the decomposition of HS precursors into organic compounds with a simple structure, followed by (ii) the metabolism and repeated cycles of microorganisms on these compounds and ending with (iii) the formation of recalcitrant macromolecular organic products through microbial synthesis .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity in the Mechanisms of Humin Formation during Composting with Different Materials

Wei

Tan

Zhao

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

227

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Humins (HMs) play a very important role in various environmental processes and are crucial for regulating global carbon and nitrogen cycles in various ecosystems. Composting is a controlled decomposition process accompanied by the stabilization of organic solid waste materials. During composting, active fractions of organic substances can be transformed into HMs containing stable and complex macromolecules. However, the structural heterogeneity and formation mechanisms of HMs during composting with various substrates have not been clarified. Here, the structure and composition of HMs extracted from livestock manure (LM) and straw (SW) during composting were investigated by excitation–emission matrices spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the stability and humification of LM-HM were lower than that of SW-HM. The parallel factor analysis components of the HM in LM composting contained the same fluorescent unit, and the intermediate of cellulose degradation affected the structure of the HM from SW composting. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that low-molecular-weight compounds were key factors in humification. On the basis of the structure and key factors impacting HM, we constructed two mechanisms for the formation of HM from different composting processes. The LM-HMs from different humification processes have multiple identical fluorescent structural units, and the high humification of SW is affected by its polysaccharide constituents, which contains a fluorescent component in their skeleton, providing a basis for studying HM in composting.

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Evolution of Concepts of Environmental Natural Nonliving Organic Matter

Cited by 6 publications

References 105 publications

Could Cryoturbic Diapirs Be Key for Understanding Ecological Feedbacks to Climate Change in High Arctic Polar Deserts?

Could Cryoturbic Diapirs Be Key for Understanding Ecological Feedbacks to Climate Change in High Arctic Polar Deserts?

Mechanisms of genuine humic acid evolution and its dynamic interaction with methane production in anaerobic digestion processes

Diversity in the Mechanisms of Humin Formation during Composting with Different Materials

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