“…Such autonomous systems, although deployed from a research vessel, are not tethered to the vessel and operate without direct human control while collecting data (Yoerger et al, 1998(Yoerger et al, , 2007Griffiths, 2003). Therefore, they enable data acquisition in parts of the ocean such as beneath ice sheets in polar regions previously inaccessible to vessel-based sampling methods (Bellingham et al, 2000;Brierley et al, 2002;Nicholls et al, 2006;Wadhams et al, 2006;Dowdeswell et al, 2008;Jenkins et al, 2010;Graham et al, 2013), and are improving spatial and temporal resolution of undersea measurements (Niewiadomska et al, 2008;Caldeira et al, 2014). They also provide transformative opportunities to fisheries scientists and oceanographers to study marine population and ecosystem dynamics (Fernandes et al, 2003;Ohman et al, 2013).…”