Evoked responses in normal and diseased muscle with particular reference to twitch potentiation

Abstract

The compound muscle action potential and isometric twitch tension evoked by single and repetitive electrical stimuli are indicators of the number of motor units activated and of the contractile properties of the muscle. The action potentials and mechanical responses were recorded in proximal and distal muscles in patients with myasthenia gravis and myopathy and compared with findings in normal subjects. In normal muscle, at low rates of stimulation (2-3 s-1) the decrement was at most 5% in the action potential and 15-24% in the twitch tension. Tetanic stimuli (50 s-1) were unsuitable for diagnostic purposes because of movement artefact. In patients with myasthenia gravis, the incidence and size of the decrement of evoked responses were greater in the platysma than in the elbow flexors and the adductor pollicis (ADP) muscles. The 2-3 times greater post-tetanic facilitation (PTF) of the action potential in the platysma than in extremity muscles also indicates a more severe functional block in facial muscle. The PTF is an indicator of recruitment of blocked fibres. The maximal decrement was grossly related to the titre of antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor. To reveal failure of neuromuscular transmission in patients with myasthenia gravis without a decrement, a small dose of d-tubocurarine (0.2 mg in 30 ml of saline) was injected i.v. in the upper arm in a regional curare test. The sensitivity was greater in patients with myasthenia gravis than in controls and in patients with myopathy. Potentiation of twitch tension reflects contractile properties. In normal muscle twitch potentiation in the staircase (1-3 s-1, 100 s in duration) and after tetanus (50 s-1, 1.5 s in duration) was 2-3 times greater in the platysma than in the elbow flexors and ADP, presumably related to the greater proportion of fast-twitch fibers in facial muscle. The amplitude of the action potential and the twitch tension varied proportionally with the number of fibers activated and the difference in the decrements of the action potential and the twitch during the staircase in some patients with myasthenia gravis showed that the staircase phenomenon was diminished suggesting abnormalities in the excitation-contraction coupling. The diminution of the staircase and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) in myopathy also indicates impairment of the excitation-contraction coupling. In rats with severe chronic myasthenia gravis, the staircase and PTP were decreased even when the failing neuromuscular transmission was circumvented by applying direct stimuli to the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL).

Improved Nerve Regeneration With Neutralization of Transforming Growth Factor‐β1

“…The study measured nerve recovery as a physiologic nerve muscle complex rather than in a pure nerve. This justified the end point of nerve regeneration as end‐organ stimulation as described by Krarup 13 . Synchrous nerve action potential measurement would have been ideal but could not be technically achieved in the physiologic window (< 10 min) after nerve section.…”

“…This was measured by physiologic parameters of muscle twitch strength and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of the healed neuromuscular complex. Krarup has shown CMAP is a measure of neuromuscular integrity 13 …”

“…Krarup has shown CMAP is a measure of neuromuscular integrity. 13 This study utilized the experimental model for peripheral nerve grafting described by Ellis and McCaffrey and refined by Ban~berg.~J4 MAlERIAILs AM) METHODS "he research proposal was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Male Wister rats weighing from 250 to 300 g were used.…”

Alteration of cross-bridge kinetics by myosin light chain phosphorylation in rabbit skeletal muscle: implications for regulation of actin-myosin interaction.

“…(26), repetitive stimuli lead to activation of myosin light chain kinase and myosin light chain phosphorylation (10)(11)(12)(13). This phosphorylation will increase the rate of tension production as well as the tension-time integral about 2-fold (10)(11)(12)(13)27). Thus an increase in the intrinsic rate of contractile force generation of fibers in a motor unit will complement the increased rate of force development associated with the recruitment of faster motor units (27,28).…”

Contractile properties of human motor units in health, aging, and disease

“…This problem is less of an issue with tetanic stimulation. Furthermore, twitch tension is very sensitive to the recent activation history of the MU, which may distort its value 18, 23, 48, 73, 88…”