Evidence that human and equine erythrocytes could have significant roles in the transport and delivery of amino acids to organs and tissues

Abstract

Erythrocytes have a well-defined role in the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the mammalian body. The erythrocytes can contain more than half of the free amino acids present in whole blood. Based on measures showing that venous erythrocyte levels of amino acids are much less than arterial erythrocyte levels, it has previously been proposed that erythrocytes also play a role in the delivery of amino acids to tissues in the body. This role has been dismissed because it has been assumed that to act as an amino acid transport vehicle, the erythrocytes should release their entire amino acid content in the capillary beds at the target tissues with kinetic studies showing that this would take too long to achieve. This investigation set out to investigate whether the equine erythrocytes could rapidly take up and release smaller packages of amino acids when exposed to high or low external concentrations of amino acids, because it seemed very unlikely that cells would be able to release all of their amino acids without serious impacts on osmotic balance. Freshly prepared erythrocytes were placed in alternating solutions of high and low amino acid concentrations in PBS to assess the capacities of these cells to rapidly take up and release amino acids depending on the nature of the external environment. It was found that amino acids were rapidly taken up and released in small quantities in each cycle representing 15% of their total load in equine erythrocytes and 16% in human erythrocytes. The capacity for rapid uptake/release of amino acids by equine and human erythrocytes provided evidence to support the theory that mammalian erythrocytes have a significant role in transport of amino acids from the liver to tissues, muscles and organs.

Impact of ATAQ Spiritual Therapy on The Index Hematological Parameters in a Healthy Population of Adults

“…In some studies, red blood cells can carry amino acids to deficient cells and tissues as they circulate through the capillaries and carry out their function as transporters, and this will help keep cells and body tissues healthy and optimal. (Thorn & Dunstan, 2020). This strengthens the results of this study regarding the effect of ATAQ spiritual therapy on increasing the work of red blood cells, in healthy respondents.…”

Oxidants and Antioxidants in the Redox Biochemistry of Human Red Blood Cells

“…Cysteine for GSH synthesis is taken up from plasma by facilitated diffusion (L-transport system) and secondary active transport (alanine-serine-cysteine transporter, Asc-1) by RBCs. , The liver and kidney play a fundamental role, providing GSH as a cysteine precursor for interorgan exchange . Hepatic GSH is transported into blood and rapidly degraded to cysteine in the circulation by plasma-membrane-bound enzymes γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) and dipeptidases of the kidney and other organs. , γ-Glutamyl-cycle-encompassing GSH synthesis, transport, and catabolism coordinate the redox state of cells and tissues and thiol homeostasis .…”

Red Blood Cells Protein Profile Is Modified in Breast Cancer Patients

“…Amino acids increase the metabolic rate of tumor cells and promote survival and proliferation ( 57 , 58 ). The existence of an amino acid exchange between RBCs and different tissues or their ability to quickly absorb and release amino acids has been proved ( 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ), supporting the role of RBCs as amino acid transporters between organs. Thus, the presence of high concentrations of amino acids in RBCs without being required by internal metabolic processes could be explained if they serve as a metabolic supply to tumor cells.…”