Evidence of Two‐Phase Formation upon Lithium Insertion into the Li1.33Ti1.67 O 4 Spinel

Abstract

Li1.33Ti1.67O4 synthesized from Li2CO3 and TiO2 was electrochemically inserted with lithium at room temperature. The defect spinel Li1.33Ti1.67O4 and the fully lithiated Li2.33Ti1.67O4 with ordered rock‐salt‐type structure show nearly identical X‐ray diffractions. Due to similar lattice constants of both phases and the low scattering factor of the lithium ions, the identification of the insertion mechanism using X‐ray powder diffraction is possible only by using high angle X‐ray scans of several samples inserted with different amounts of lithium. Precise analysis of the obtained data supplies the evidence for the presence of two distinct phases which are mutually interconvertible upon lithium exchange. This result is in good agreement with electrochemical data postulating a two‐phase mechanism from the constant electrical potential found during cycling. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Effect of Conductive Additives on the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Li4Ti5O12Spinel

“…The reduction of the lattice parameter with Li insertion has been reported before with experimental values and calculations. 5,8,12 This lattice shrink has been explained as the change in the Li positions from the 8a site to the 16c site. 5,12 In the samples in this study, it was clear that the existence of conductive agents influenced the reduction of the lattice parameter with Li insertion.…”

“…5,8,12 This lattice shrink has been explained as the change in the Li positions from the 8a site to the 16c site. 5,12 In the samples in this study, it was clear that the existence of conductive agents influenced the reduction of the lattice parameter with Li insertion. Before the lithiation, the lattice parameters of samples M and Y are almost the same values, but the lattice parameter of sample M decreased further comparing sample Y at the 50% SOC level.…”

“…[1][2][3] It is well known that lithium insertion into Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is accompanied by very slight changes in the lattice dimensions, although several experiment results differ as to whether the lattice expands or shrinks with the insertion of Li ions. 4,5 Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , however, as a zero strain material, is considered ideal for long-life rechargeable batteries.…”

Electrochromism of DC magnetron sputtered TiO2 thin films: Role of deposition parameters

“…Such compacts have also been used as nanoporous substrates for efficient adsorption of molecular redox chromophores (especially viologens)-in much the same way as for dye sensitized solar cells [66]-which has led to materials of relevance for high-quality reflective EC displays . Powder compacts comprised of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 were investigated recently and yielded pronounced electrochromism [89] (which may be inferred also from some prior battery-related work [90,91]). Furthermore, electrochromism has been observed in porous titania glass [92].…”

RHEOLOGICAL PHASE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICRO-SIZED Li4Ti5O12

“…Spinel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 as an anode material has received increasing interest over past years due to its potential applications in lithium ion batteries 1,2,3,4,5,6 . Both the excellent Li intercalation/de-intercalation kinetics and structural stability make it achieve the good high-rate capability and reversibility 6,7 .…”