Evidence of activity-dependent withdrawal of corticospinal projections during human development

Eyre, J A; Taylor, JL; Villagra, Federico; Smith, Martin A.; Miller, S.

doi:10.1212/wnl.57.9.1543

Cited by 352 publications

(367 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…In this condition, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor strip contralateral to the hemiparetic limb produces minimal effects at elevated thresholds (Carr et al 1993), suggestive of a functionally reduced contralateral CS tract projection. By contrast, TMS of the undamaged cortex produces bilateral motor effects at normal thresholds, which suggests development of strong contralateral projections as well as the maintenance of ipsilateral projections (Farmer et al 1991;Carr et al 1993;Eyre et al 2001).…”

Section: Activity-and Use-dependent Development Of Cs Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Activity- and use-dependent plasticity of the developing corticospinal system☆

Martin

Friel

Salimi

et al. 2007

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

129

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The corticospinal system (CS), critical for controlling skilled movements, develops during the late prenatal and early postnatal periods in all species examined. In the cat, there is a sequence of development of the mature pattern of terminations of corticospinal tract axons in the spinal gray matter, followed by motor map development of the primary motor cortex. Skilled limb movements begin to be expressed as the map develops. Development of the proper connections between CS axons and spinal neurons in cats depends on CS neural activity and motor behavioral experience during a critical postnatal period. Reversible CS inactivation or preventing limb use produces an aberrant distribution of CS axon terminations and impairs visually guided movements. This altered pattern of CS connections after inactivation in cats resembles the aberrant pattern of motor responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in hemiplegic cerebral palsy patients. Left untreated, these impairments do not resolve. We have found that activity-dependent processes can be harnessed in cats to reestablish normal CS connections and function. This finding suggests that CS connectivity and function might some day be restored in hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

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Section: Activity-and Use-dependent Development Of Cs Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Activity- and use-dependent plasticity of the developing corticospinal system☆

Martin

Friel

Salimi

et al. 2007

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

129

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…When used in conjunction with each other, TMS, cross-correlation analysis, and distal long-latency reflexes help to elucidate the origin of the projections by which the contra-lesional hemisphere participates in the motor control of paretic hand muscles. Thus, TMS-evoked ipsilateral projections which appear to originate from branched pyramidal tract neurons in the primary motor cortex of the contra-lesional hemisphere are associated with prominent mirror movements while those projections which appear to arise from areas other than the primary motor cortex are not associated with mirror movements (Carr et al, 1993;Eyre et al, 2001;Staudt et al, 2002).…”

Section: Cerebral Palsymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It may not be possible to elicit, even using maximal stimulator output, reliable MEP responses when muscles are at rest in children younger than 6 years of age (Koh and Eyre, 1988). When the target muscle is active, MEP responses can be elicited even in neonates (Eyre et al, 2001).…”

Section: Motor Evoked Potential (Mep) Thresholdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is possible to identify different types of TMSevoked ipsilateral projections by comparing the characteristics of the iMEP with those of the contralateral MEP. Cross-correlation analysis of electromyographic (EMG) activity or, in distal muscles, the long latency reflex, can provide information regarding the origin of the ipsilateral projections (Carr et al, 1993;Eyre et al, 2001;Mayston et al, 1997;Staudt et al, 2002).…”

Section: Ipsilateral Mepmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of these mirror movements suggests that the contralesional hemisphere plays an important role in the motor control of the paretic hand. Neurophysiologic tools, including TMS, have shown that there may be enhanced participation of the contra-lesional hemisphere in motor control of the paretic hand in the absence of prominent mirror movements (Carr et al, 1993;Eyre et al, 2001;Staudt et al, 2002). When used in conjunction with each other, TMS, cross-correlation analysis, and distal long-latency reflexes help to elucidate the origin of the projections by which the contra-lesional hemisphere participates in the motor control of paretic hand muscles.…”

Section: Cerebral Palsymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation in children

Garvey

Mall

2008

Clinical Neurophysiology

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Developmental disabilities (e.g. attention deficit disorder; cerebral palsy) are frequently associated with deviations of the typical pattern of motor skill maturation. Neurophysiologic tools, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which probe motor cortex function, can potentially provide insights into both typical neuromotor maturation and the mechanisms underlying the motor skill deficits in children with developmental disabilities. These insights may set the stage for finding effective interventions for these disorders. We review the literature pertaining to the use of TMS in pediatrics. Most TMS-evoked parameters show age-related changes in typically developing children and some of these are abnormal in a number of childhood-onset neurological disorders. Although no TMS-evoked parameters are diagnostic for any disorder, changes in certain parameters appear to reflect disease burden or may provide a measure of treatment-related improvement. Furthermore, TMS may be especially useful when combined with other neurophysiologic modalities (e.g. fMRI). However, much work remains to be done to determine if TMS-evoked parameters can be used as valid and reliable biomarkers for disease-burden, the natural history of neurological injury and repair, and the efficacy of pharmacological and rehabilitation interventions.

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Changes Induced by Early Hand-Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy Including Lower Extremities in Young Children With Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Araneda,

Ebner-Karestinos,

Paradis

et al. 2024

JAMA Pediatr

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ImportanceIntensive interventions are provided to young children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP), classically focused on the upper extremity despite the frequent impairment of gross motor function. Hand-Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy Including Lower Extremities (HABIT-ILE) effectively improves manual dexterity and gross motor function in school-aged children.ObjectiveTo verify if HABIT-ILE would improve manual abilities in young children with UCP more than usual motor activity.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective randomized clinical trial (November 2018 to December 2021), including 2 parallel groups and a 1:1 allocation, recruitment took place at European university hospitals, cerebral palsy specialized centers, and spontaneous applications at 3 sites: Brussels, Belgium; Brest, France; and Pisa, Italy. Matched (age at inclusion, lesion type, cause of cerebral palsy, and affected side) pairs randomization was performed. Young children were assessed at baseline (T0), 2 weeks after baseline (T1), and 3 months after baseline (T2). Health care professionals and assessors of main outcomes were blinded to group allocation. At least 23 young children (in each group) aged 12 to 59 months with spastic/dyskinetic UCP and able to follow instructions were needed. Exclusion criteria included uncontrolled seizures, scheduled botulinum toxin injections, orthopedic surgery scheduled during the 6 months before or during the study period, severe visual/cognitive impairments, or contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging.InterventionsTwo weeks of usual motor activity including usual rehabilitation (control group) vs 2 weeks (50 hours) of HABIT-ILE (HABIT-ILE group).Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrimary outcome: Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA); secondary outcomes: Gross Motor Function Measure-66 (GMFM-66), Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT), and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM).ResultsOf 50 recruited young children (26 girls [52%], median age; 35.3 months for HABIT-ILE group; median age, 32.8 months for control group), 49 were included in the final analyses. Change in AHA score from T0 to T2 was significantly greater in the HABIT-ILE group (adjusted mean score difference [MD], 5.19; 95% CI, 2.84-7.55; P &lt; .001). Changes in GMFM-66 (MD, 4.72; 95% CI, 2.66-6.78), PEDI-CAT daily activities (MD, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.29-2.51), COPM performance (MD, 3.62; 95% CI, 2.91-4.32), and satisfaction (MD, 3.53; 95% CI, 2.70-4.36) scores were greater in the HABIT ILE group.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this clinical trial, early HABIT-ILE was shown to be an effective treatment to improve motor performance in young children with UCP. Moreover, the improvements had an impact on daily life activities of these children.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04020354

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Evidence of activity-dependent withdrawal of corticospinal projections during human development

Cited by 352 publications

References 70 publications

Activity- and use-dependent plasticity of the developing corticospinal system☆

Activity- and use-dependent plasticity of the developing corticospinal system☆

Transcranial magnetic stimulation in children

Changes Induced by Early Hand-Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy Including Lower Extremities in Young Children With Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

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