Evidence for central timing of rhythmical mastication

Abstract

1. The origin of the co-ordination and rhythm of mastication provoked by electrical stimulation of the putamen and corticobulbar pathways was studied in the rabbit.2. Bursts of activity were recorded from the mandibular and hypoglossal nerves and the hypoglossal nucleus, which were in phase with the observed masticatory movements. Discharges occurred alternately in nerves to jaw-opening and jaw-closing muscles.3. The rate of burst discharges was not altered by paralysis, or by large variations in the stimulation frequency.4. Regularly recurring bursts of activity continued to occur in the hypoglossal nucleus in response to random frequency stimulation after severing branchial nerves, cervical nerves and the spinal cord of paralysed rabbits.5. Mechanical deformation of the brain of vascular or respiratory origin was discounted as the origin of the rhythm.6. It is concluded that mastication is controlled by a brain-stem pattern generator which can be activated by adequate inputs from certain higher centres and, as concluded in other studies, from the oral cavity itself.

Brain Activity and Human Unilateral Chewing

“…We observed a brainstem activation cluster in the contrast between chew blocks and rest blocks; however, fMRI does not provide adequate spatial resolution to identify specific brainstem sites. Based on the position of the clusters, they likely included brainstem regions known to be involved with masticatory rhythm and muscle activity pattern generation in animals (Dellow and Lund, 1971;Nakamura et al, 2004;Lund and Kolta, 2006a). Thus, our results support the hypothesis that these brainstem regions are involved as central pattern generators and central timing networks in humans as well.…”

Brain Activity and Human Unilateral Chewing

“…We observed a brainstem activation cluster in the contrast between chew blocks and rest blocks; however, fMRI does not provide adequate spatial resolution to identify specific brainstem sites. Based on the position of the clusters, they likely included brainstem regions known to be involved with masticatory rhythm and muscle activity pattern generation in animals (Dellow and Lund, 1971;Nakamura et al, 2004;Lund and Kolta, 2006a). Thus, our results support the hypothesis that these brainstem regions are involved as central pattern generators and central timing networks in humans as well.…”

Cyclic Motion of the Soft Palate in Feeding

“…These results raise questions about the neural mechanisms regulating orofacial movements in feeding. The central pattern generator for mastication drives the rhythmic contraction of the jaw adductor and abductor muscles (Dellow and Lund, 1971) and the associated rhythmic contraction of the facial musculature (Nakamura and Katakura, 1995). The present study shows that the SP moves cyclically in mastication and food transport.…”

Mapping of the excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory afferent projections to the anatomically defined active expiratory oscillator in adult male rats

“…The RF comprises a complex of isodendritic neurons extending throughout the brainstem (medulla, pons, and midbrain) into the hypo- with the preBötC (Amri & Car, 1988;Amri, Car, & Roman, 1990;Chandler & Tal, 1986;Dellow & Lund, 1971;Fregosi, 2011;Gestreau, Dutschmann, Obled, & Bianchi, 2005;Kleinfeld et al, 2014;Koizumi et al, 2008;Lowe, 1980;Luschei & Goldberg, 2011;Moore et al, 2013;Moore et al, 2014;Nakamura & Katakura, 1995;Nozaki, Iriki, & Nakamura, 1986;Revill et al, 2015;Sumi, 1970) and, based on the current results, pF L .…”

Brain Activity and Human Unilateral Chewing

“…We observed a brainstem activation cluster in the contrast between chew blocks and rest blocks; however, fMRI does not provide adequate spatial resolution to identify specific brainstem sites. Based on the position of the clusters, they likely included brainstem regions known to be involved with masticatory rhythm and muscle activity pattern generation in animals (Dellow and Lund, 1971;Nakamura et al, 2004;Lund and Kolta, 2006a). Thus, our results support the hypothesis that these brainstem regions are involved as central pattern generators and central timing networks in humans as well.…”

Cyclic Motion of the Soft Palate in Feeding

“…These results raise questions about the neural mechanisms regulating orofacial movements in feeding. The central pattern generator for mastication drives the rhythmic contraction of the jaw adductor and abductor muscles (Dellow and Lund, 1971) and the associated rhythmic contraction of the facial musculature (Nakamura and Katakura, 1995). The present study shows that the SP moves cyclically in mastication and food transport.…”

Mapping of the excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory afferent projections to the anatomically defined active expiratory oscillator in adult male rats

“…The RF comprises a complex of isodendritic neurons extending throughout the brainstem (medulla, pons, and midbrain) into the hypo- with the preBötC (Amri & Car, 1988;Amri, Car, & Roman, 1990;Chandler & Tal, 1986;Dellow & Lund, 1971;Fregosi, 2011;Gestreau, Dutschmann, Obled, & Bianchi, 2005;Kleinfeld et al, 2014;Koizumi et al, 2008;Lowe, 1980;Luschei & Goldberg, 2011;Moore et al, 2013;Moore et al, 2014;Nakamura & Katakura, 1995;Nozaki, Iriki, & Nakamura, 1986;Revill et al, 2015;Sumi, 1970) and, based on the current results, pF L .…”

Brain Activity and Human Unilateral Chewing

“…We observed a brainstem activation cluster in the contrast between chew blocks and rest blocks; however, fMRI does not provide adequate spatial resolution to identify specific brainstem sites. Based on the position of the clusters, they likely included brainstem regions known to be involved with masticatory rhythm and muscle activity pattern generation in animals (Dellow and Lund, 1971;Nakamura et al, 2004;Lund and Kolta, 2006a). Thus, our results support the hypothesis that these brainstem regions are involved as central pattern generators and central timing networks in humans as well.…”

Cyclic Motion of the Soft Palate in Feeding

“…These results raise questions about the neural mechanisms regulating orofacial movements in feeding. The central pattern generator for mastication drives the rhythmic contraction of the jaw adductor and abductor muscles (Dellow and Lund, 1971) and the associated rhythmic contraction of the facial musculature (Nakamura and Katakura, 1995). The present study shows that the SP moves cyclically in mastication and food transport.…”

Mapping of the excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory afferent projections to the anatomically defined active expiratory oscillator in adult male rats

“…The RF comprises a complex of isodendritic neurons extending throughout the brainstem (medulla, pons, and midbrain) into the hypo- with the preBötC (Amri & Car, 1988;Amri, Car, & Roman, 1990;Chandler & Tal, 1986;Dellow & Lund, 1971;Fregosi, 2011;Gestreau, Dutschmann, Obled, & Bianchi, 2005;Kleinfeld et al, 2014;Koizumi et al, 2008;Lowe, 1980;Luschei & Goldberg, 2011;Moore et al, 2013;Moore et al, 2014;Nakamura & Katakura, 1995;Nozaki, Iriki, & Nakamura, 1986;Revill et al, 2015;Sumi, 1970) and, based on the current results, pF L .…”