Evidence for a discrete evolutionary lineage within Equatorial Guinea suggests that the tsetse fly<i>Glossina palpalis palpalis</i>exists as a species complex

Dyer, Naomi; Furtado, Andreia; Cano, Jorge; Ferreira, Filipa; Ndong-Mabale, Nicolás; Ndong-Asumu, Pedro; Centeno-Lima, Sónia; Benito, Agustín; Weetman, David; Donnelly, Martin J.; Pinto, João

doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04265.x

Cited by 32 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…fuscipes sampled from northern Uganda [31][25] and in G . palpalis , another riverine species [1]. However, estimates were higher than reported in populations from southern Uganda [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic diversity and population structure of the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Northern Uganda: Implications for vector control

et al. 2017

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Uganda is the only country where the chronic and acute forms of human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness both occur and are separated by < 100 km in areas north of Lake Kyoga. In Uganda, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is the main vector of the Trypanosoma parasites responsible for these diseases as well for the animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT), or Nagana. We used highly polymorphic microsatellite loci and a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker to provide fine scale spatial resolution of genetic structure of G. f. fuscipes from 42 sampling sites from the northern region of Uganda where a merger of the two disease belts is feared. Based on microsatellite analyses, we found that G. f. fuscipes in northern Uganda are structured into three distinct genetic clusters with varying degrees of interconnectivity among them. Based on genetic assignment and spatial location, we grouped the sampling sites into four genetic units corresponding to northwestern Uganda in the Albert Nile drainage, northeastern Uganda in the Lake Kyoga drainage, western Uganda in the Victoria Nile drainage, and a transition zone between the two northern genetic clusters characterized by high level of genetic admixture. An analysis using HYBRIDLAB supported a hybrid swarm model as most consistent with tsetse genotypes in these admixed samples. Results of mtDNA analyses revealed the presence of 30 haplotypes representing three main haplogroups, whose location broadly overlaps with the microsatellite defined clusters. Migration analyses based on microsatellites point to moderate migration among the northern units located in the Albert Nile, Achwa River, Okole River, and Lake Kyoga drainages, but not between the northern units and the Victoria Nile drainage in the west. Effective population size estimates were variable with low to moderate sizes in most populations and with evidence of recent population bottlenecks, especially in the northeast unit of the Lake Kyoga drainage. Our microsatellite and mtDNA based analyses indicate that G. f. fuscipes movement along the Achwa and Okole rivers may facilitate northwest expansion of the Rhodesiense disease belt in Uganda. We identified tsetse migration corridors and recommend a rolling carpet approach from south of Lake Kyoga northward to minimize disease dispersal and prevent vector re-colonization. Additionally, our findings highlight the need for continuing tsetse monitoring efforts during and after control.

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“…fuscipes sampled from northern Uganda [31][25] and in G . palpalis , another riverine species [1]. However, estimates were higher than reported in populations from southern Uganda [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diseases occur throughout sub-Saharan Africa, causing extensive morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock [1][2]. Human disease is caused by two different subspecies of the flagellated protozoa Trypanosoma brucei ; T .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity and population structure of the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Northern Uganda: Implications for vector control

et al. 2017

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“…Population genetic studies in G. p. gambiensis and G. p. palpalis in Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Equatorial Guinea show patterns of high gene flow characterized by spatial and temporal heterogeneity influenced by landscape fragmentation [15, 22, 23]. These studies demonstrate the importance of gene flow in determining the degree of fine-scale genetic structure, the size of the local genetic neighborhoods within populations [15, 23], and the need to integrate information regarding barriers to gene flow in tsetse elimination schemes [14]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetically DistinctGlossina fuscipes fuscipesPopulations in the Lake Kyoga Region of Uganda and Its Relevance for Human African Trypanosomiasis

Echodu

Sistrom

Hyseni³

et al. 2013

BioMed Research International

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Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are the sole vectors of Trypanosoma brucei—the agent of human (HAT) and animal (AAT) trypanosomiasis. Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Gff) is the main vector species in Uganda—the only country where the two forms of HAT disease (rhodesiense and gambiense) occur, with gambiense limited to the northwest. Gff populations cluster in three genetically distinct groups in northern, southern, and western Uganda, respectively, with a contact zone present in central Uganda. Understanding the dynamics of this contact zone is epidemiologically important as the merger of the two diseases is a major health concern. We used mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA data from Gff samples in the contact zone to understand its spatial extent and temporal stability. We show that this zone is relatively narrow, extending through central Uganda along major rivers with south to north introgression but displaying no sex-biased dispersal. Lack of obvious vicariant barriers suggests that either environmental conditions or reciprocal competitive exclusion could explain the patterns of genetic differentiation observed. Lack of admixture between northern and southern populations may prevent the sympatry of the two forms of HAT disease, although continued control efforts are needed to prevent the recolonization of tsetse-free regions by neighboring populations.

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“…Differentiation relies on morphological differences in colour, size and on minimal male genitalia variations [3]. Recent genome-based analyses revealed the subspecies status of seemingly uniform riverine G. palpalis palpalis individuals in Equatorial Guinea [4]. Accordingly, current tsetse specification based on morphology may not be the only way to rapidly determine the species status of Glossina spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Tsetse (Glossina spp.) Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2013

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Glossina (G.) spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae), known as tsetse flies, are vectors of African trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in domestic livestock. Knowledge on tsetse distribution and accurate species identification help identify potential vector intervention sites. Morphological species identification of tsetse is challenging and sometimes not accurate. The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) technique, already standardised for microbial identification, could become a standard method for tsetse fly diagnostics. Therefore, a unique spectra reference database was created for five lab-reared species of riverine-, savannah- and forest- type tsetse flies and incorporated with the commercial Biotyper 3.0 database. The standard formic acid/acetonitrile extraction of male and female whole insects and their body parts (head, thorax, abdomen, wings and legs) was used to obtain the flies' proteins. The computed composite correlation index and cluster analysis revealed the suitability of any tsetse body part for a rapid taxonomical identification. Phyloproteomic analysis revealed that the peak patterns of G. brevipalpis differed greatly from the other tsetse. This outcome was comparable to previous theories that they might be considered as a sister group to other tsetse spp. Freshly extracted samples were found to be matched at the species level. However, sex differentiation proved to be less reliable. Similarly processed samples of the common house fly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae; strain: Lei) did not yield any match with the tsetse reference database. The inclusion of additional strains of morphologically defined wild caught flies of known origin and the availability of large-scale mass spectrometry data could facilitate rapid tsetse species identification in the future.

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Evidence for a discrete evolutionary lineage within Equatorial Guinea suggests that the tsetse flyGlossina palpalis palpalisexists as a species complex

Cited by 32 publications

References 79 publications

Genetic diversity and population structure of the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Northern Uganda: Implications for vector control

Genetic diversity and population structure of the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Northern Uganda: Implications for vector control

Genetically DistinctGlossina fuscipes fuscipesPopulations in the Lake Kyoga Region of Uganda and Its Relevance for Human African Trypanosomiasis

Identification of Tsetse (Glossina spp.) Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

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