EverBatt: A Closed-loop Battery Recycling Cost and Environmental Impacts Model

Dai, Qiang; Spangenberger, Jeffrey S.; Ahmed, Shabbir; Gaines, Linda; Kelly, James G.; Wang, Michael

doi:10.2172/1530874

Cited by 120 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…These features are associated with the potential economic and environmental benefits that can be analyzed by the EverBatt model developed by Argonne National Laboratory. 36 The three different recycling methods are modeled assuming an annual plant processing capacity of 10,000 tons of spent batteries (Figure 4B). The life-cycle total energy use for pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes are 18.4 and 30.6 MJ kg -1 LFP cell, respectively.…”

Section: Electrochemical Performance Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The EverBatt model, a closed-loop battery recycling model developed at Argonne National Laboratory, 36 was used to conduct techno-economic and life-cycle analysis of pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct cathode recycling processes. The cathode production from virgin materials was also modeled for comparison.…”

Section: Economic and Environmental Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Dai

Gao

et al. 2020

Joule

Self Cite

343

236

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A paradigm-shift lithium-ion battery recycling method based on defect-targeted healing can fully recover the composition, structure, and electrochemical performance of spent LiFePO4 cathodes with various degradation conditions to the same levels as that of the pristine materials. Such a direct recycling approach can significantly reduce energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions, leading to significant economic and environmental benefits compared with today's hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgic methods. This work may pave the way for industrial adoption of directly recycled lithium-ion battery materials.

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Section: Electrochemical Performance Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Economic and Environmental Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Dai

Gao

et al. 2020

Joule

Self Cite

343

236

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the same way as for recycling, the battery product system is a closed-loop [23]. The 0:100 approach, with credits for avoided virgin material production, or the recyclability substitution approach, was therefore considered for the allocation of the EoL processes [39].…”

Section: Allocation and Multifunctionalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Assessment of an NMC Battery for Application to Electric Light-Duty Commercial Vehicles and Comparison with a Sodium-Nickel-Chloride Battery

et al. 2021

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This paper presents the results of an environmental assessment of a Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) Lithium-ion traction battery for Battery Electric Light-Duty Commercial Vehicles (BEV-LDCV) used for urban and regional freight haulage. A cradle-to-grave Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of NMC111 is provided, operation and end-of-life stages are included, and insight is also given into a Life Cycle Assessment of different NMC chemistries. The environmental impacts of the manufacturing stages of the NMC111 battery are then compared with those of a Sodium-Nickel-Chloride (ZEBRA) battery. In the second part of the work, two electric-battery LDCVs (powered with NMC111 and ZEBRA batteries, respectively) and a diesel urban LDCV are analysed, considering a wide set of environmental impact categories. The results show that the NMC111 battery has the highest impacts from production in most of the impact categories. Active cathode material, Aluminium, Copper, and energy use for battery production are the main contributors to the environmental impact. However, when vehicle application is investigated, NMC111-BEV shows lower environmental impacts, in all the impact categories, than ZEBRA-BEV. This is mainly due to the greater efficiency of the NMC111 battery during vehicle operation. Finally, when comparing BEVs to a diesel LDCV, the electric powertrains show advantages over the diesel one as far as global warming, abiotic depletion potential-fossil fuels, photochemical oxidation, and ozone layer depletion are concerned. However, the diesel LDCV performs better in almost all the other investigated impact categories.

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“…A mixture of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) usually acts as a binder within the anodes. As shown in Figure 2 within the near and mediumterm future, the following developments in next-generation lithium battery technology are expected: Overall, the overview of the recycling processes shows that many different recycling process routes are possible and in industrial use or under development at pilot scale at least [17,[28][29][30]. As a requirement for a future process chain, besides achieving high recovery rates of more than 90% or even 95% [13,14] and in parallel sufficient material purities for further usage as battery material, it is therefore to be set that it should be highly flexible in order to achieve the most energy-efficient multi-material recovery possible.…”

Section: Lithium Battery Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, approximately 3.76 L of wastewater are produced per kg of battery during hydrometallurgy. However, as described above, a combined process strategy is necessary for good product properties and qualities [29].…”

Section: Circular Economy In the Context Of Battery Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations

Doose

Mayer

Michalowski

et al. 2021

Metals

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The global use of lithium-ion batteries of all types has been increasing at a rapid pace for many years. In order to achieve the goal of an economical and sustainable battery industry, the recycling and recirculation of materials is a central element on this path. As the achievement of high 95% recovery rates demanded by the European Union for some metals from today’s lithium ion batteries is already very challenging, the question arises of how the process chains and safety of battery recycling as well as the achievement of closed material cycles are affected by the new lithium battery generations, which are supposed to enter the market in the next 5 to 10 years. Based on a survey of the potential development of battery technology in the next years, where a diversification between high-performance and cost-efficient batteries is expected, and today’s knowledge on recycling, the challenges and chances of the new battery generations regarding the development of recycling processes, hazards in battery dismantling and recycling, as well as establishing a circular economy are discussed. It becomes clear that the diversification and new developments demand a proper separation of battery types before recycling, for example by a transnational network of dismantling and sorting locations, and flexible and high sophisticated recycling processes with case-wise higher safety standards than today. Moreover, for the low-cost batteries, recycling of the batteries becomes economically unattractive, so legal stipulations become important. However, in general, it must be still secured that closing the material cycle for all battery types with suitable processes is achieved to secure the supply of raw materials and also to further advance new developments.

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EverBatt: A Closed-loop Battery Recycling Cost and Environmental Impacts Model

Abstract: The Laboratory's main facility is outside Chicago, at 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439. For information about Argonne and its pioneering science and technology programs, see www.anl.gov.

Cited by 120 publications

References 4 publications

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Life Cycle Assessment of an NMC Battery for Application to Electric Light-Duty Commercial Vehicles and Comparison with a Sodium-Nickel-Chloride Battery

Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations

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