Evaluation of Tyrosinase Inhibitory, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiaging Activities of Magnolia officinalis Extracts after Aspergillus niger Fermentation

Abstract

This study intended to improve physiological characteristics of Magnolia officinalis bark (MOB) extracts by Aspergillus niger fermentation. M. officinalis bark was extracted using distilled water, 95% ethanol, and methanol, and it was then fermented by A. niger. The physiological characteristics of the fermented extracts, namely, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, and anti-skin-aging activity, were evaluated and compared with those of unfermented extracts. To determine the safety of the fermented extracts, their cytotoxicity was analyzed by measuring the cell viability of CCD-966SK and human epidermal melanocytes (HEMn) after exposure. The fermented methanol extract exhibited the highest antityrosinase activity, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content of the extracts fermented by A. niger was 3.52 times greater than that of the unfermented extracts. The optimal IC50 values for tyrosinase inhibition and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) removal by the A. niger-fermented extracts were 30 and 12 μg/mL, respectively. The fermented methanol extracts inhibited skin-aging-related enzymes such as collagenase, elastase, MMP-1, and MMP-2. Compared with the unfermented extracts, the fermented extracts also contained greater antibacterial activity against tested stains including MRSA. These results could be attributed to an increase in the concentration of original active compounds and the biosynthesis of new compounds during fermentation. In cytotoxicity assays, the A. niger-fermented extracts were nontoxic to CCD-966SK cells, even at 500 μg/mL. Hence, in general, methanol-extracted M. officinalis fermented by A. niger for 72 h has the most active antioxidant, skincare, or antiaging compounds for healthy food or cosmetics applications.

Fermentation with mono‐ and mixed cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. casei enhances the phytochemical content and biological activities of cherry silverberry (Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb.) fruit

“…In particular, samples fermented with L. acidophilus had superior inhibitory activity . Similar findings were obtained for Magnolia officinalis extracts fermented with Aspergillus niger and the improvements in tyrosinase inhibitory activity and other physiological activities were attributed to the concentration of the inherent bioactive compounds in the sample as well as the biosynthesis of new compounds with significant biological activities …”

“…However, too much melanogenesis and accumulation on the upper layer of the skin may be unfavorable. Hence, the use of substances that can inhibit the activity of tyrosinase has become important as these inhibitors target the specific melanin‐producing cells and do not lead to undesirable effects as compared to other compounds that can prevent melanin production and accumulation . The fermented samples inhibited the activity of tyrosinase to a greater extent as compared to the unfermented sample (Fig.…”

Novel user‐friendly night care spray to manage skin darkening

“…Assay content and diffusion per hour release content was analyzed using the equation obtained by linear regression analysis from calibration curve of Kojic acid and Arbutin by HPLC method . In‐vitro Skin irritation study and tyrosinase activity study were performed to determine the cosmetic safety anti‐hyperpigmentive activity of the formulation …”

Efficiency of Skin Whitening Cream Containing Etlingera elatior Flower and Leaf Extracts in Volunteers

“…33. Additionally, none of the volunteers suffered skin irritation or allergic reactions during the test 258 period.…”

“…In the past few decades, research has demonstrated that natural bioactive compounds are increasingly being used in whitening cosmetic formulations. In addition, there are several plant extracts that have been shown to be effective agents to suppress the overproduction of melanin or to regulate melanin synthesis, such as Cassia fistula flowers [31], Asphodelus microcarpus [32], Magnolia officinalis [33], Dendrobium tosaense [34], and Kummerowia striata [35]. The results of the present study indicated that extracts of E. elatior flowers and leaves achieved a decent skin whitening effect on human volunteers; therefore, these extracts act as the active whitening ingredient in FL1 cream.…”