Evaluation of Treatment Methods for Chronic Schizophrenia

Helper plus trainer: a two‐phase program for the counselor

“…Carkhuff has shown that trained lay personnel (both staff and indigenous persons) can effectively bring about positive change in helpees through counseling services (Carkhuff 1969(Carkhuff , 1972a(Carkhuff , 1972b and also effect significant change in helpees' lives through systematic programs (Carkhuff 1971(Carkhuff , 1972a(Carkhuff , 1972b. This evidence is supported by a long list of other experimenters in psychiatric settings, vocational agencies, colleges, and schools (Appleby 1963;Ellsworth 1968;Rioch et al 1963;. Zunker & Brown 1966).…”

Helper plus trainer: a two‐phase program for the counselor

“…Carkhuff has shown that trained lay personnel (both staff and indigenous persons) can effectively bring about positive change in helpees through counseling services (Carkhuff 1969(Carkhuff , 1972a(Carkhuff , 1972b and also effect significant change in helpees' lives through systematic programs (Carkhuff 1971(Carkhuff , 1972a(Carkhuff , 1972b. This evidence is supported by a long list of other experimenters in psychiatric settings, vocational agencies, colleges, and schools (Appleby 1963;Ellsworth 1968;Rioch et al 1963;. Zunker & Brown 1966).…”

Comparative effectiveness of paraprofessional and professional helpers.

“…Thirty-five comparative studies have used multi-outcome measures of client change, and 27 studies have collected follow-up data on at least one measure. Representative outcome criteria have included performance on standardized psychological tests and various psychometric instruments (Lick & Heffler, 1977;Schortinghuis & Frohman, 1974), clients' selfreported change and satisfaction with services (Getz et al, 1975;Lamb & Clack, 1974), clinical ratings offered by independent judges (O'Brien, Hamm, Ray, Pierce, Luborsky, & Mintz, 1972), information from significant others (Miles, McLean, & Maurice, 1976;Wolff, 1969), academic or work performance (Mosher, Menn, & Matthews, 1975;Zunker & Brown, 1966), behavior ratings (Appleby, 1963;Ellsworth, 1968), analysis of therapistoffered empathy, warmth, and genuineness (Knickerbocker & McGee, 1973;Truax, 1967), performance in role-playing or in vivo situations (Fremouw & Harmatz, 1975;Moleski & Tosi, 1976), therapist improvement ratings (Karlsruher, 1976), supervisor evaluations (Covner, 1969;Magoon & Golann, 1966), criteria specific to treatment goals, Note. A indicates that the design criteria were mainly satisfied; B, that one or two criteria were deficient; C, that three or four were deficient; D, that five were deficient; and E, that deficiencies were present in more than five criteria.…”

Effectiveness of professional and paraprofessional helpers: A comment on Durlak.

“…In seven studies (DeVol, 1976;Engelkes & Roberts, 1970;Getz, Fujita, & Allen, 1975;Magoon & Golann, 1966;Mendel & Rapport, 1963;Mosher, Menn, & Matthews, 1975;Wolff, 1969), participants were not randomly assigned to experimental conditions; in many other studies it was impossible to determine how assignments were made. Therapist status was confounded by differential type of treatment in 10 investigations (Appleby, 1963;Colarelli & Siegel, 1966;DeLeon & Mandell, 1966;Ellsworth, 1968;Fremouw & Harmatz, 1975;Mendell & Rapport, 1 Durlak also discusses the problem of small therapist samples but in terms of limited external validity (i.e., how representative the findings of a particular study are).…”

Helper plus trainer: a two‐phase program for the counselor

“…Carkhuff has shown that trained lay personnel (both staff and indigenous persons) can effectively bring about positive change in helpees through counseling services (Carkhuff 1969(Carkhuff , 1972a(Carkhuff , 1972b and also effect significant change in helpees' lives through systematic programs (Carkhuff 1971(Carkhuff , 1972a(Carkhuff , 1972b. This evidence is supported by a long list of other experimenters in psychiatric settings, vocational agencies, colleges, and schools (Appleby 1963;Ellsworth 1968;Rioch et al 1963;. Zunker & Brown 1966).…”

Comparative effectiveness of paraprofessional and professional helpers.

“…Thirty-five comparative studies have used multi-outcome measures of client change, and 27 studies have collected follow-up data on at least one measure. Representative outcome criteria have included performance on standardized psychological tests and various psychometric instruments (Lick & Heffler, 1977;Schortinghuis & Frohman, 1974), clients' selfreported change and satisfaction with services (Getz et al, 1975;Lamb & Clack, 1974), clinical ratings offered by independent judges (O'Brien, Hamm, Ray, Pierce, Luborsky, & Mintz, 1972), information from significant others (Miles, McLean, & Maurice, 1976;Wolff, 1969), academic or work performance (Mosher, Menn, & Matthews, 1975;Zunker & Brown, 1966), behavior ratings (Appleby, 1963;Ellsworth, 1968), analysis of therapistoffered empathy, warmth, and genuineness (Knickerbocker & McGee, 1973;Truax, 1967), performance in role-playing or in vivo situations (Fremouw & Harmatz, 1975;Moleski & Tosi, 1976), therapist improvement ratings (Karlsruher, 1976), supervisor evaluations (Covner, 1969;Magoon & Golann, 1966), criteria specific to treatment goals, Note. A indicates that the design criteria were mainly satisfied; B, that one or two criteria were deficient; C, that three or four were deficient; D, that five were deficient; and E, that deficiencies were present in more than five criteria.…”

Effectiveness of professional and paraprofessional helpers: A comment on Durlak.

“…In seven studies (DeVol, 1976;Engelkes & Roberts, 1970;Getz, Fujita, & Allen, 1975;Magoon & Golann, 1966;Mendel & Rapport, 1963;Mosher, Menn, & Matthews, 1975;Wolff, 1969), participants were not randomly assigned to experimental conditions; in many other studies it was impossible to determine how assignments were made. Therapist status was confounded by differential type of treatment in 10 investigations (Appleby, 1963;Colarelli & Siegel, 1966;DeLeon & Mandell, 1966;Ellsworth, 1968;Fremouw & Harmatz, 1975;Mendell & Rapport, 1 Durlak also discusses the problem of small therapist samples but in terms of limited external validity (i.e., how representative the findings of a particular study are).…”

Helper plus trainer: a two‐phase program for the counselor

“…Carkhuff has shown that trained lay personnel (both staff and indigenous persons) can effectively bring about positive change in helpees through counseling services (Carkhuff 1969(Carkhuff , 1972a(Carkhuff , 1972b and also effect significant change in helpees' lives through systematic programs (Carkhuff 1971(Carkhuff , 1972a(Carkhuff , 1972b. This evidence is supported by a long list of other experimenters in psychiatric settings, vocational agencies, colleges, and schools (Appleby 1963;Ellsworth 1968;Rioch et al 1963;. Zunker & Brown 1966).…”

Comparative effectiveness of paraprofessional and professional helpers.

“…Thirty-five comparative studies have used multi-outcome measures of client change, and 27 studies have collected follow-up data on at least one measure. Representative outcome criteria have included performance on standardized psychological tests and various psychometric instruments (Lick & Heffler, 1977;Schortinghuis & Frohman, 1974), clients' selfreported change and satisfaction with services (Getz et al, 1975;Lamb & Clack, 1974), clinical ratings offered by independent judges (O'Brien, Hamm, Ray, Pierce, Luborsky, & Mintz, 1972), information from significant others (Miles, McLean, & Maurice, 1976;Wolff, 1969), academic or work performance (Mosher, Menn, & Matthews, 1975;Zunker & Brown, 1966), behavior ratings (Appleby, 1963;Ellsworth, 1968), analysis of therapistoffered empathy, warmth, and genuineness (Knickerbocker & McGee, 1973;Truax, 1967), performance in role-playing or in vivo situations (Fremouw & Harmatz, 1975;Moleski & Tosi, 1976), therapist improvement ratings (Karlsruher, 1976), supervisor evaluations (Covner, 1969;Magoon & Golann, 1966), criteria specific to treatment goals, Note. A indicates that the design criteria were mainly satisfied; B, that one or two criteria were deficient; C, that three or four were deficient; D, that five were deficient; and E, that deficiencies were present in more than five criteria.…”

Effectiveness of professional and paraprofessional helpers: A comment on Durlak.

“…In seven studies (DeVol, 1976;Engelkes & Roberts, 1970;Getz, Fujita, & Allen, 1975;Magoon & Golann, 1966;Mendel & Rapport, 1963;Mosher, Menn, & Matthews, 1975;Wolff, 1969), participants were not randomly assigned to experimental conditions; in many other studies it was impossible to determine how assignments were made. Therapist status was confounded by differential type of treatment in 10 investigations (Appleby, 1963;Colarelli & Siegel, 1966;DeLeon & Mandell, 1966;Ellsworth, 1968;Fremouw & Harmatz, 1975;Mendell & Rapport, 1 Durlak also discusses the problem of small therapist samples but in terms of limited external validity (i.e., how representative the findings of a particular study are).…”