“…Confirmatory tests are immunofluorescence (IF) (23) but mostly Western blot (WB) analyses (30,35,38,39,64,71). Moreover, research of integrated provirus, in the DNA from peripheral blood cells, could be done by qualitative and/or quantitative PCR (2,4,8,68). Despite some improvements in the WB assays specificity during the last two decades, indeterminate serological patterns are frequent following WB analysis and represent a major concern for routine screening in blood banks in Europe, the Americas, and Africa (7,10,11,16,20,40,61,63).…”