Evaluation of the efficiency of ceramic filters for water treatment in Kambata Tabaro zone, southern Ethiopia

Abstract

Background: The Ceramic water filtration has been greatly improving the most waste materials from drinking water in developing countries. This research was carried out to determine the efficiency of the Ceramic water filters in improving water impurities. The raw materials were grind, sieved with 0.5 mm opening mush size, mixed with water, molded in flower pot shape and fired at 700 °C, 750 °C and 800 °C. Results: The average removing efficiency of the ceramic filters was found to be 59.6%, 86.3%, 87.6%, 56.9%, 59.02%, 88.98%,76.2%, 52.88%, 46.23% and 226.66 m L/h for turbidity, total coliform, E. coli, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, phosphate, iron, nitrite and flow rate, respectively in the analysis. Most of the ceramic filters were removed microbial from the contaminated river water effectively compared to the World Health Organization standard. The results showed that increasing the burnout material during production of the filter elements increase the porosity and flow rate while decrease the removal efficiency of turbidity, microorganisms and water hardness agent from the source water. It was observed that there was a significance difference in removing total coliform, E. coli and flow rate between ceramic filters with different percentage composition of clay to sawdust. The change in percentage composition of clay to sawdust and firing temperature did not show significance difference in removing actions of iron, nitrite, sulphate, phosphate, magnesium and calcium. Conclusion: Based on the result, it is possible to conclude that the ceramic water filtrate that prepared from 80, 25 and 5% clay, sawdust and grog at firing temperature of 750 °C and 800 °C with lower porosity of the ceramic filter elements were found to be have the best removal efficiency.

Physico-Chemical Characterization and Stability Study in Acidic and Basic Solution of Ceramic Filters from Mouka’s Clay (Cameroon)

“…In fact, the particles tend to agglomerate with each other with increasing temperature leading to a more consolidated ceramic body. These results are similar to those of [4].…”

“…These properties are linked to the amount of porogen and sintering temperature. Previous works in the field have shown that porosity of ceramic filters decreases with increase in firing temperature for the same composition of clay and porogen fired at different temperatures [4] and that the physico-chemical stability increases with increase in firing temperature due to the formation of more crystalline phase such as mullite [5]. But no matter the crystalline phase present in the material it's stability can be influenced by the physico-chemical properties of the feed water such as pH.…”

Remove Chemical Contaminants from Potable Water by Household Water Treatment System

“…It was clear from Figure 6, the average flow rate for Kaolin-jute fibers filters were: 1.57 L/h, 1.95 L/h, and 2.43 L/h for filter 1, filter 2, and filter 3, respectively. Which was within the acceptable limits of flow rates (1-2) L/hr, according to Brown [22] studies. Filters can produce sufficient cooking and drinking water for a household of small members due to their flow rates.…”

“…The raw water samples used in this study were taken from Shatt Al Hilla river at Al-Hilla city/Iraq Samples of water with different turbidities (5,15,30,50, and 80) NTU were taken. Figures 3, 4 and 5 show a map of Hilla River, a general location and exact location of the study area respectively.…”

“…Kaolin-jute fibers filters can, however, be considered a sustainable and transferable technology than can be locally produced and commercially sold [15]. Treating water through use of Kaolin-jute fibers filters does not require addition of chemicals to water avoiding chemical taste and odor problems and creation of disinfection by-products many of which are considered toxic (carcinogenic) in long term.…”