Evaluation of the capacity of oral streptococci to produce hydrogen peroxide

García-Mendoza, A.; Liébana, J; Castillo, Ana; Higuera, A; Piédrola, G

doi:10.1099/00222615-39-6-434

Cited by 49 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…These LAB do not synthesize heme and, consequently, lack respiratory cytochromes and catalase. As such, streptococcal redox metabolism is dependent on flavoenzymes generating lactic acid and, in many cases, H 2 O 2 , as metabolic products (10,18,24). As described by Rosebury, "Wherever in nature two or more species of microorganisms grow in intimate association, each will interact with the others; and if the microorganisms grow upon a host organism, then the host will be in some way influenced by the interaction" (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myeloperoxidase Selectively Binds and Selectively Kills Microbes

Allen

Stephens²

2011

Infect Immun

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myeloperoxidase Selectively Binds and Selectively Kills Microbes

Allen

Stephens²

2011

Infect Immun

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“…Other lactic acid bacteria have been reported to accumulate H 2 O 2 in the culture medium (15,32). This accumulation has been attributed to various H 2 O 2 -producing enzymes, including pyruvate oxidase (25,43), H 2 O 2 -producing NADH oxidase (2,21,22), lactate oxidase (50), and ␣-glycerophosphate oxidase (39).…”

Section: S Pyogenes Contains a Single Nox Homologue But Lacks Nprmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other species of streptococci are known to produce H 2 O 2 when grown in media containing low concentrations of glucose (15). To determine if the same is true of S. pyogenes and if H 2 O 2 is a source of oxidative stress in the nox mutants, the concentration of H 2 O 2 was measured in culture supernatants of the wild-type and mutant strains.…”

Section: S Pyogenes Contains a Single Nox Homologue But Lacks Nprmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of NADH Oxidase to Aerobic Metabolism of Streptococcus pyogenes

et al. 2000

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The gram-positive microorganism Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus) is the causative agent of numerous infections of the skin and pharynx ranging from superficial diseases including erysipelas, impetigo, and pharyngitis to those characterized by extensive tissue destruction, such as necrotizing fasciitis. The initial stage of all streptococcal infections involves the attachment of the organism to epithelial cells of the nasopharynx or epidermis (49), and considerable evidence suggests that the ability to sense an aerobic environment and survive plays an important role in this process (17,47,48). A good example of this is streptococcal fibronectin-binding protein F, which is regulated in response to oxidative stress (16,48).The mechanisms and gene products that allow S. pyogenes to survive in aerobic environments remain largely unknown. While S. pyogenes produces a single Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD) that is essential for aerobic streptococcal growth (16), it lacks many of the proteins known to be important for aerobic growth. Since the lactic acid bacteria (including those in the genera Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus) cannot synthesize heme (11), S. pyogenes lacks the catalases and cytochrome oxidases required for oxidative energy-linked metabolism and instead depends on substrate level phosphorylation for growth. In addition, streptococci lack the moderate-to-high levels of intracellular glutathione found in gram-negative bacteria (12). Without such mechanisms for handling oxidative stress, it seems that aerobic conditions should severely restrict streptococcal growth, yet O 2 seems to have a positive effect on the growth yields of some other lactic acid bacteria (25,30). This suggests the existence of other enzymes that are important for aerobic streptococcal growth.Recently, other lactic acid bacteria have been found to contain unique flavoproteins involved in oxidative metabolism that are very different from the respiratory redox enzymes of cytochrome-containing bacteria like Escherichia coli (8,20,41,42). One such flavoprotein, NADH peroxidase (NPXase), has been characterized extensively in Enterococcus faecalis, where it uses H 2 O 2 as an electron acceptor, thereby providing an enzymatic defense against peroxide stress (41). Another E. faecalis flavoprotein, NADH oxidase (NOXase), catalyzes the direct four-electron reduction of O 2 to water and serves as an electron acceptor during active aerobic metabolism in this organism (42). These two flavoproteins have 44% amino acid identity to one another, with the most highly conserved segments containing the nonflavin redox center and the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-and NADH-binding regions. The nonflavin redox center in each of these enzymes is an unusual stabilized cysteine-sulfenic acid that cycles between oxidized and reduced states (33).A role for these two flavoproteins in facilitating the aerobic metabolism of lactic acid bacteria may require the regeneration of one NAD ϩ molecule by NPXase, and the regeneration ...

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“…Although S. sanguinis is a dominant bacterium in dental plaque, S. mutans coexists there with S. sanguinis. S. sanguinis is known to produce large amounts of H 2 O 2 , causing it to have antibacterial activity against several bacteria (5,7,(18)(19)(20). Thus, to persist in dental plaque, S. mutans requires a resistance mechanism against H 2 O 2 produced by S. sanguinis.…”

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dpr and sod in Streptococcus mutans Are Involved in Coexistence with S. sanguinis, and PerR Is Associated with Resistance to H ₂ O ₂

Fujishima

Kawada‐Matsuo

Oogai

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Large numbers of bacteria coexist in the oral cavity. Streptococcus sanguinis, one of the major bacteria in dental plaque, produces hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), which interferes with the growth of other bacteria. Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic bacterium, can coexist with S. sanguinis in dental plaque, but to do so, it needs a means of detoxifying the H 2 O 2 produced by S. sanguinis. In this study, we investigated the association of three oxidative stress factors, Dpr, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and AhpCF, with the resistance of S. sanguinis to H 2 O 2 . The knockout of dpr and sod significantly increased susceptibility to H 2 O 2 , while the knockout of ahpCF had no apparent effect on susceptibility. In particular, dpr inactivation resulted in hypersensitivity to H 2 O 2 . Next, we sought to identify the factor(s) involved in the regulation of these oxidative stress genes and found that PerR negatively regulated dpr expression. The knockout of perR caused increased dpr expression levels, resulting in low-level susceptibility to H 2 O 2 compared with the wild type. Furthermore, we evaluated the roles of perR, dpr, and sod when S. mutans was cocultured with S. sanguinis. Culturing of the dpr or sod mutant with S. sanguinis showed a significant decrease in the S. mutans population ratio compared with the wild type, while the perR mutant increased the ratio. Our results suggest that dpr and sod in S. mutans are involved in coexistence with S. sanguinis, and PerR is associated with resistance to H 2 O 2 in regulating the expression of Dpr.

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Evaluation of the capacity of oral streptococci to produce hydrogen peroxide

Cited by 49 publications

References 18 publications

Myeloperoxidase Selectively Binds and Selectively Kills Microbes

Myeloperoxidase Selectively Binds and Selectively Kills Microbes

Contribution of NADH Oxidase to Aerobic Metabolism of Streptococcus pyogenes

dpr and sod in Streptococcus mutans Are Involved in Coexistence with S. sanguinis, and PerR Is Associated with Resistance to H ₂ O ₂

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Evaluation of the capacity of oral streptococci to produce hydrogen peroxide

Cited by 49 publications

References 18 publications

Myeloperoxidase Selectively Binds and Selectively Kills Microbes

Myeloperoxidase Selectively Binds and Selectively Kills Microbes

Contribution of NADH Oxidase to Aerobic Metabolism of Streptococcus pyogenes

dpr and sod in Streptococcus mutans Are Involved in Coexistence with S. sanguinis, and PerR Is Associated with Resistance to H 2 O 2

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dpr and sod in Streptococcus mutans Are Involved in Coexistence with S. sanguinis, and PerR Is Associated with Resistance to H ₂ O ₂