Evaluation of Remediation Methods for <I>Nosema</I> Disease in <I>Muscidifurax raptor</I> (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Microsporidia Biological Control Agents and Pathogens of Beneficial Insects

“…Exposures ranging from 30 to 45 min are highly effective for reducing disease prevalence. When parasitoid eggs within host puparia are subjected to prolonged heat treatment (45°C for 5 h), only uninfected adult parasitoids emerge (Boohene et al 2003b). However, lengthy exposure to heat treatments may reduce parasitoid survival by causing high host mortality (Geden et al 1995).…”

“…The continuous rearing of wasps at elevated temperatures (30-32°C) results in decreased spore loads but does not eliminate the pathogen (Boohene et al 2003b). …”

“…Albendazole and fumagillin treatments have no effect on pathogen prevalence in M. raptor adults or their progeny, but treatment decreases the rate of transovarial transmission (Geden et al 1995;Boohene et al 2003b). Treatment of N. muscidifuracisinfected M. raptor eggs or pupae with gamma radiation is ineffective as a control (Boohene et al 2003b).…”

“…Treatment of N. muscidifuracisinfected M. raptor eggs or pupae with gamma radiation is ineffective as a control (Boohene et al 2003b).…”

Testing intra-hemocelic injection of antimicrobials against Encephalitozoon sp. (Microsporidia) in an insect host

“…This suggests that albendazole precipitates in the grasshopper hemocoel and that this host is not able to process/ metabolize albendazole or to get it into the target tissues (the gut). Boohene et al (2003) reported that albendazole was not only ineffective in eliminating microsporidian infections in the filth fly parasitoid Muscidifurax raptor but also had serious side effects for the host.…”