Evaluation of New Harvesting Methods to Reduce Weeds on Arable Fields and Collect a New Feedstock

Glasner, Christoph; Vieregge, Christopher; Robert, Joseph C.; Fenselau, Johanna; Bitarafan, Zahra; Andreasen, Christian

doi:10.3390/en12091688

Cited by 15 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…According to findings of Glasner et al (2019) [20], the percentage of weed seeds that can be removed by bailing could change over time. In fact, once the chaff is discharged on the swath, after one day, only 45% of weed seeds remains on top of it, while 35% is found within the swath and the remaining 20% is already lost in the ground.…”

Section: Biomass Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equipping a Combine Harvester with Turbine Technology Increases the Recovery of Residual Biomass from Cereal Crops via the Collection of Chaff

et al. 2020

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In cereal crops, chaff is a valuable lignocellulosic by-product that accounts for more than 50 Mt y−1 in Europe and is suitable for bioenergy purposes. Chaff is usually not collected due to the lack of combine harvesters that have the capability to handle it properly. The present two years experimental study investigated the hypothesis that the overall biomass collected in wheat crop can be increased by equipping the combine harvester with an aftermarket device. Chaff, discharged from the combine harvester-cleaning system, is collected by the turbine that delivers it either on the swath or on a lateral trailer towed by a tractor. The performance of all machines involved in the harvesting (combine harvester, tractor, baler, and trailer) were assessed. The chaff was collected in bales with the straw (A mode) and separately on a trailer (C mode). Comparisons with non-collected treatment (B mode) were performed in order to estimate the total chaff collected and the biomass losses. The results showed that 1.79 t FM ha−1 per year of chaff could be collected when baled with the straw, whereas 1.27 t FM ha−1 were collected separately on a trailer. Both field and material capacity were not negatively affected by the chaff collection. Therefore, our study confirmed the hypothesis that turbine technology is a valid solution for increasing the total residual biomass collected in cereal cropping for energy purposes.

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Section: Biomass Lossesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equipping a Combine Harvester with Turbine Technology Increases the Recovery of Residual Biomass from Cereal Crops via the Collection of Chaff

et al. 2020

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“…When seeds were exposed to 250 • C for more than 10 s, most of the species were killed. Our results with exhaust gas were more promising because we did not need durations as long or temperatures as high as Glasner et al [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Thereby, the seeds are not incorporated into the soil seed bank, creating new weed problems in the coming season. However, many weed species shatter a smaller or larger proportion of their seeds before harvest [38,39]; therefore, the effect strongly depends on the weed composition in the field. Walsh and Powels [40] found that some of the most important weed species in Australia-L. rigidum, Raphanus raphanistrum L., Bromus spp., and Avena fatua L.-retained 85%, 99%, 77%, and 84% of their seeds above a 15 cm harvest cutting height at wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) maturity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If we reduce the temperature (<140 • C), we may eliminate the risk of fire and still kill a large proportion of the weed seeds and reduce seed germination of the rest (increasing t 50 and decreasing d). Glasner et al [39] exploited how heat could be used to kill weed seeds of nine common weed species treated with temperatures of 50 • C, 100 • C, 150 • C, 200 • C, and 250 • C for 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20 s, respectively. They found that 50 • C and 100 • C did not damage the seeds of any of the species significantly at any of the durations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Killing Weed Seeds with Exhaust Gas from a Combine Harvester

Jakobsen¹,

Jensen²,

Bitarafan³

et al. 2019

Agronomy

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We investigated if hot exhaust gas from a combine harvester could be used to reduce germination or kill weed seeds during the harvesting process. During the threshing and cleaning process in the combine, weed seeds and chaff are separated from the crop grains. After this separation, weed and crop seeds not collected can be exposed to exhaust gas before seeds are returned to the field. Seeds of some common weed species (Alopecurus myosuroides, Centaurea cyanus, Geranium pusillum, Lapsana communis, Lolium perenne, Rumex crispus, Spergula arvensis, and Tripleurospermum inodorum) were treated with exhaust gas at temperatures of 75 °C or 85 °C, 110 °C, and 140 °C for 2, 4, and 6 s, respectively. Afterwards, the seeds were germinated for 16 days. We found that 75 °C and 85 °C were insufficient to significantly reduce germination of the seeds after three durations. Some seeds were still able to germinate after 4 s exposure of 110 °C. An exposure of 140 °C for 4 and 6 s repressed germination of all species. We conclude that there is potential to develop combine harvesters that exploit the exhaust gas to either kill or reduce the ability of weed seeds to germinate before seeds are returned to the field.

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“…We have now shown that a large proportion of seeds produced during the growing season of common weed species potentially can be collected and removed or destroyed [43][44][45] by a combine harvester at crop harvest. The next step will be to test how large a fraction of this potential a combine harvest actually collects, as it depends on several factors such as harvest height and the number of seeds dropping to the soil surface under the harvesting process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harvest Weed Seed Control: Seed Production and Retention of Fallopia convolvulus, Sinapis arvensis, Spergula arvensis and Stellaria media at Spring Oat Maturity

Bitarafan

Andreasen

2019

Agronomy

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If seeds retained on weeds at crop harvest could be collected and removed by the combine harvester, weed infestation could be reduced in the following years. We estimated the proportion of weed seeds that could be removed at oat harvest. The seed production and shedding pattern of Fallopia convolvulus, Sinapis arvensis, Spergula arvensis and Stellaria media, were assessed in two spring oat fields in Denmark during 2018 and 2019. Ten randomly chosen plants of each species were surrounded by a porous net before flowering. The start time of seed shedding was recorded, and the seeds were collected from the nets and counted weekly until oat harvest. Just before harvest, the retained seeds on the weed plants were counted. The ratio between harvestable seeds and shed seeds during the growing season was determined. On average 260, 195, 411 and 316 seeds plant −1 were produced by F. convolvulus, Sinapis arvensis, Spergula arvensis and S. media, respectively, of which in average 44%, 67%, 45% and 56% of the seeds were retained on the plants at harvest. There was a strong, positive correlation between the weed biomass and the total seed production.Agronomy 2020, 10, 46 2 of 10 pods shatter readily, and some seeds are harvested with the crop [5]. Sinapis arvensis flowers six weeks after emergence with the peak in June and July in northern latitudes, but it can continue flowering until the frost starts [6]. The average number of seeds plant −1 reported for plants grown without competition varied from 2000 to 3500 [7], and in dense plant populations, from 10 to 590 [8]. Seed longevity of up to 75 years has been reported [7].Stellaria media is native to Europe, and exists as one of the most distributed weeds in the world. It is one of the most common weeds in spring and winter cereals in northern Europe. It quickly colonizes disturbed fields [9], but it is considered as a weak competitor [10]. The number of seeds plant −1 has been reported to be in the range of 500 [11] to 2500 [12]. It has numerous, small, easily dispersed seeds, and can flower and set seed throughout the year [13].Spergula arvensis is a weed of cereals in almost all areas of the world. The plant flowers from June to November and will shatter mature seeds from July onward. Flowering and seeding continue until the plant dies. A large plant may have 500 capsules and releases 7500 seeds. Capsules produced early in the season may contain 25 seeds, but later capsules may only contain five [2].Sinapis arvensis and Spergula arvensis can only reproduce by seeds, while F. convolvulus and S. media also can reproduce by creeping roots and creeping stems rooting at the nodes, respectively [14]. The soil seed bank is the primary source of weed infestations. Thus, information on their seed production and shedding pattern is necessary for applying proper weed management strategies. Weed seeds disperse when the seeds ripen, detach and fall to the ground [15]. Late season production of weed seeds has gained particular attention because of the development of herbicide-resistant...

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Evaluation of New Harvesting Methods to Reduce Weeds on Arable Fields and Collect a New Feedstock

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Equipping a Combine Harvester with Turbine Technology Increases the Recovery of Residual Biomass from Cereal Crops via the Collection of Chaff

Equipping a Combine Harvester with Turbine Technology Increases the Recovery of Residual Biomass from Cereal Crops via the Collection of Chaff

Killing Weed Seeds with Exhaust Gas from a Combine Harvester

Harvest Weed Seed Control: Seed Production and Retention of Fallopia convolvulus, Sinapis arvensis, Spergula arvensis and Stellaria media at Spring Oat Maturity

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